Одной из задач развития, поставленной перед учащимися 7 класса, является формирование надпредметного логического умения “классификация”.
В качестве предмета усвоения выступает умение учащихся самостоятельно разделять предметы на классы, группы путем выделения в этих предметах тех или иных общих признаков.
При проведении классификации надо помнить о следующих правилах:
1) В одной и той же классификации необходимо применять только одно основание. Основание – это признак, по которому данные предметы делятся на группы или классы. Например, множество натуральных чисел можно разделить на четные и нечетные, а по другому основанию – простые и составные.
2) Члены классификации должны взаимно исключать друг друга.
3) Объем членов классификации должен равняться объему классифицируемых объектов. То есть все предметы, которые даны, после проведенной классификации должны быть отнесены к какому-либо классу.
4) Подразделение на классы в проводимой классификации должно быть непрерывным, то есть необходимо брать ближайший подкласс и ни в коем случае не перескакивать в более отдаленный подкласс, иначе не все классифицируемые объекты станут членами такой классификации. Следовательно, оно будет проведено неверно.
Логическое действие классификации по своей структуре является сложным действием и включает ряд отдельных операций:
1) Выделение основания классификации;
2) Деление объектов на классы по заданному основанию;
3) Отнесение объекта к классу;
4) Словесная характеристика каждого класса;
5) Контроль результатов проведенной классификации.
Трудность этих операций неодинакова. Школьники лучше выполняют упражнения и усваивают материал, если последовательность операций при проведении классификации несколько изменена:
1) Словесная характеристика класса;
2) Деление на классы по заданному основанию;
3) Отнесение объекта к классу;
4) Контроль или проверка результатов проведенной классификации;
5) Выделение основания классификации.
Опыт работы показывает, что для успешного деления на классы по заданному основанию, необходимо сначала сформировать умение давать словесную характеристику класса.Учебники британских издательств (Way Ahead, Move Ahead,Enterprise) позволяют многократно отрабатывать данное умение при изучении лексического или грамматического материала.
Примеры упражнений, направленных на формирование умения давать словесную характеристику классов в готовой классификации
1. Даны три столбика слов:
tall | good | beautiful |
high | bad | perfect |
small | much | difficult |
great | little | interesting |
Необходимо выбрать соответствие к каждому столбику:
а) слова разделены по значению прилагательных;
б) слова разделены по количеству слогов в прилагательном;
в) слова разделены по способам образования степеней сравнения прилагательных.
Правильный ответ: в).
2. Даются слова, которые разбиты на 3 группы:
worked | played | wanted |
talked | turned | needed |
cooked | stayed | planted |
kissed | rained | demanded |
По какому принципу (основанию) поделены слова:
а) слова разделены по значению глаголов;
б) слова распределены по принципу чтения окончания;
в) слова подобраны в соответствие со способом образования Past Simple.
Правильный ответ – б).
3. Прочитай слова и определи по какому принципу они разбиты на группы, подбери название каждой группе:
goose | wolf | butterfly |
swan | cow | ant |
dove | cat | fly |
parrot | tiger | beetle |
а) birds—insects—mammals;
б) insects—mammals—birds;
в) birds—mammals—insects.
Правильный ответ — в).
Если ученики успешно справляются с заданиями по формированию умения давать словесную характеристику классам (группам слов), необходимо перейти к формированию умения делить объекты на классы по заданному основанию.
Упражнения, направленные на формирование умения делить объекты на классы по заданному основанию.
При изучении темы “Герундий/инфинитив после глаголов”в 7-м классе предлагается ряд упражнений на группировку.
1. Раздели глаголы на 2 категории: 1) требующие после себя употребление инфинитива с предлогом to; 2) требующие после себя употребление герундия:
Rely on, depend on, avoid, excuse, look forward to, deny, think of, thank for, forgive, give up, insist on, go on.
Правильный ответ:
To+Inf | +gerund |
Avoid | rely on |
Excuse | look forward to |
deny | insist on |
forgive | think of |
give up | depend on |
go on | thank for |
2. Исключи лишнее слово:
Begin, start, love, agree, hate, like, continue
Agree — лишнее слово, т.к. употребляется только с инфинитивом, все остальные могут употребляться как с герундием, так и с инфинитивом.
3. При изучении темы “Animals” учащимся дается ряд объектов и предлагается придумать несколько различных оснований для их классификации. Принимаются и нестандартные основания. Чем больше оснований, тем лучше. Ученики охотно строят различные схемы, карты классификации объектов.
– Divide the words into groups. Give reasons for your division:
horse, cow, wolf, sparrow, lion, turkey, goat, tiger, elephant, duck, sheep, hen
Оснований для группировки может быть несколько:
Domestic/wild
Mammals/birds
Herbivorous/predators
При работе над классифицированием отрабатываются навыки понятийной характеристики классов (give definitions)
– Fill in the empty boxes with the following words:
Spiders—have hair/fur—2 body parts—smooth wet skin—dry skin and scales—live in water or land—Insects—8 legs—make milk—3 body parts—breathe in water—6 legs—Mammals—Fish—have feathers—Reptiles-Birds-Amphibians
Проверка правильных ответов на экране:
Более сложную классификацию можно предложить в виде кругов Эйлера:
Рисунок 2
Ниже прилагается конспект урока в 7-м классе по теме Travelling, на котором успешно решается задача по формированию навыка группировать предметы и явления.
ON THE MOVE (Travelling)
В начале урока проводится диагностика
Предлагаются карточки с заданиями. После взаимопроверки (правильные ответы на экране доски)
1. Cross odd word out:
a) ship, hotel, train, bike, car – (hotel)
b) monument, museum, flight, castle, palace – (flight)
c) boat, yacht, car, voyage, plane, bike, lorry – (voyage)
2. Which drawing shows the relations between the terms correctly?
S — ship, B — boat_________________
Рисунок 3
3. Divide words into groups:
Beautiful, swim, visit, enjoyable, sight, monument, unforgettable, occupy, countryside, enjoy, fantastic.
Ход урока
I. Match the pictures with the explanations:
TYPES OF ACCOMODATION
a flat which you rent; you cook for yourself | |
accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services | |
cheap accommodation mainly for young people with, perhaps, ten or more people sleeping in bunk beds | |
expensive accommodation where people stay and eat meals, full of services and activities | |
a house with a steep sloping roof, common in places with high mountains and snow such as Switzerland | |
a vehicle that a car can pull and in which people can live and sleep when they are on holiday | |
II. Работа с лексикой
HOLIDAY EQUIPMENT
Answer the questions:
- What things do you need to take with you on holiday?
- What is the thing you cannot live without on holiday?
Imagine you are going to travel. Make up a list of necessary things. Work in pairs.
Study the following words. What do you need them for?
III. Отработка умения группировать слова.
Учащиеся группы 1 (0-2 ошибки в диагностическом тесте)получают карточки с предложенними основаниями для деления;учащиеся группы 2 — самостоятельно определяют основание для деления.
Divide the following words into groups; give the name to each group; explain your choice:
Guest house, chalet, car, binoculars, museum, plane, tent, helmet, youth hostel, ship, art gallery, train, caravan, self catering flat, yacht, mask, bike, palace, hotel
Means of transport | Things you need | Places to stay(accommodation) | Things to see | Things to do |
Работа с понятиями
Complete each definition with the correct word:a) skiing b) cruise,c) package,d) camping,e) sightseeing. Your answer has been saved.
A) A holiday organized by a travel agent which includes the cost of your hotel and transport. ____
B) A holiday spent in the mountains moving across the snow. ______
C) You do this when you want to see interesting buildings and places. _____
D) A holiday spent in a tent. _____
E) A holiday spent on a ship. _____
(package,skiing,sightseeing,camping, cruise,)
Закрепление понятий
3. Complete the gaps in the following sentences with the correct word.
(cruise, skiing, sightseeing, camping, package)
A) I hate the snow and I'm completely unfit so a – holiday really doesn't interest me.
B) Elderly people often go on a – as they can take it easy on the ship.
C) We usually go on a – holiday as we like it when the travel agent arranges everything for us.
D) I'd love to go – but my wife doesn't like the idea of sleeping in a tent.
E) We did lots of – while we were on holiday in London and took photographs of all the famous buildings.
Well done!The correct answers are: A) skiing, B) touring, C) cruise, D) backpacking, E) package, F) camping, G) hitchhiking, H) sightseeing.The correct answers are: A) skiing B) cruise, C) package, D) camping, E) sightseeing. Your answer has been saved.javascript://
Рефлексия. Составить схему карту (с опорой на определения).
4. На основе понятий видов отдыха группировка текстов по общим признакам.
– Read the texts ,divide into groups. Explain your choice.
1. The desire to cross oceans and explore new lands has been an integral part of human
nature since the earliest times. Discover new countries, experience different cultures and
explore unforgettable views during the cruise holiday.
A cruise on board a liner is the perfect way to ensure your holiday is relaxing, unique
and luxurious. A luxury cruise is the ideal way to see the world, with the most
breathtaking sights along the way
2. To say that your Jamaica holiday will be memorable is saying nothing. On this beautiful island time is standing still; nothing is hurried. In Jamaica you can relax more completely than you ever have before. That certainly does not mean you won’t be busy! There is a great number of things to do here, especially if you enjoy the outdoors. You can go horse riding on the beach, rock climbing beside a waterfall or river rafting. There are Jamaica’s championship golf courses, excellent shopping and fabulous beaches. You really will find something for everyone on a holiday in Jamaica. Jamaica is known for its strong musical culture, and that legacy is found everywhere on the island – Bob Marley lives on! If you’re a fan of the reggae master, be sure to visit Nine Mile, his Jamaican birthplace. You can also find excellent live performances most nights of the week at one of the island’s many bars and nightclubs. Read on to learn more about our fantastic Jamaica holiday packages.
3. This tour is a spectacular way to see the Austrian capital. After a short city tour, in which you have chance to see the Ring Avenue with all its famous historical buildings and monuments, you are taken to the well known Danube Tower. From its terrace, 150m above the roofs of Vienna, you can admire the marvelous panorama of Vienna. The evening will end in one of the traditional wine taverns of Grinzing, where you can enjoy traditional music and the typical Viennese wine and food. The tour is run on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Departure is at 19.30 hours and the programmed lasts 3 hours.
4. You don’t need to be a keen cyclist or fit enough to cycle for miles and miles over hills to enjoy bicycle touring Inn travel style. Indeed, our easy cycling holidays are suitable for even the most occasional of cyclists in general good health. Because there are so many places worth visiting along our interesting and varied routes, you don’t spend all day in the saddle, and you don’t even have to cycle every day if you don’t want to – with two nights at most hotels, you can spend every alternate day relaxing or sightseeing, if you prefer.
5. Package holidays are great for families, as they're so convenient. You pay one price
in advance and everything is included. It's all organized for you, so you won't have to
think about flights,
transfers, accommodation and maybe even food, outings and entertainment. There may also be
children's clubs where your little ones will be entertained, so you can have some time to
yourself. .
There are so many types of package holidays and destinations, so you'll easily find
something that suits you and your family.
Packages in small, unspoiled resorts may appeal to you. These give your family a chance to
mix with local people and sample the cuisine, but be prepared to pay more.
6. Is the pressure of study too much for you? Do you need the perfect winter holiday at a price you can afford? Don’t look anywhere else. We have the perfect holiday for you. Stay in one of our comfortable chalet next to the ski slope. Equipment and ski lift pass are included in the price. There are no surprises and no hidden extras. We offer really good deals to students with an International student cards.
7. Get on your bike and you'll be well on your way with this great range of cycling holidays & mountain biking holidays. We have everything from introductory cycling for the beginners amongst you to the advanced hard mountain biking for the adrenalin heads.
8. Anyone can walk through the Tower of London or down Piccadilly Circus and enjoy the surrounding sights. However, one of the best ways to experience London is to take a sightseeing tour. Sightseeing tours not only take you to the popular areas and places to see in historic London; they also teach you the significance of buildings, statues and streets along the way.
9. The cruise offers more than you’d expect from a deluxe holiday, with entertainment
and fine dining on-board. Delightful afternoon teas offer plenty of opportunity to put
your fine dress on and meet other passengers.
The full programmes of entertainment are a splendid way to pass your evening and with the
other guests on board. But, if you prefer peace and quiet, delightful walks along the deck
accompanied by a setting sun and waters you will get wonderful, ever-lasting memories. You
can also expect comfort in your cabin, perhaps with a book from the on-board library.
Expect to wake to a wonderful breakfast to start your day.
10. Do you enjoy camping? Then this is the holiday for you. Three weeks in Shri Lanka based in a number of campsites with excellent facilities where you can cook your own food or enjoy food prepared by experienced chief.
11. Have you always dreamed about the perfect winter holiday and then never made a booking? Is it because of all the stories of no snow, bad accommodation and food , and terrible ski lessons by unqualified instructors? Forget all about that. Join one of our luxury ski trips and we guarantee that you will be 100 per cent happy with the quality of the service we offer. We are not cheap but we are very, very good.
12. We can help you to visit Peru. We have planned a route and can advise where to camp and where to buy food. We can also supply tents and essential equipment for mountain climbing. We recommend at least three weeks for this trip.
Учащиеся группируют тексты по основанию — вид отдыха.
Explain your choice.
So what do you need to know to classify the texts? (words, things in common, you were to understand what each term means)
Now tell you partner about the trip you have always dreamt about but never gone. Where would you go? How would you go there? Where would you stay? What would you do there?
Use the patterns:
I would like to go to….
I would visit…
I could…
It would be…
Homework
This is part of a letter you receive from an English friend.
...Anyway, in your last letter you said you were going on holiday. Did you have a nice time? Where did you go? How did you get there? Let me know what it was like.
Now you are writing a letter to this friend.
Write your letter in about 100-150 words.