"Экологические проблемы родного края"

Разделы: География, Иностранные языки

Методическое представление

  • Введение.
  • Методический паспорт учебного проекта.
  • Работа над проектом.

Введение

Метод проектов является составной частью обучения английскому языку как на начальном этапе, так и при дальнейшем совершенствовании владения им. Этот метод наиболее полно отражает два основных принципа коммуникативного подхода к обучению иностранному языку: мотивации к учению – в проектной работе она всегда положительная – и личный интерес: проект отражает интересы учащихся, их собственный мир. Учащиеся 10-го класса осуществили интегрированный проект в рамках изучения английского языка и экологии.

Методический паспорт учебного проекта.

Тема проекта “Problems of ecology”

Предмет: английский язык, география, экология.

Класс: 9.

Возраст: 14-15 лет.

Количество учащихся: 11.

Время работы над проектом: сентябрь – октябрь 2009 г.

Форма работы: урочно-внеурочная.

Цели образовательные и воспитательные:

  • развивать умение проектировать, мыслить на английском языке в процессе изучения экологической проблемы;
  • воспитывать чувство озабоченности проблемами экологии;
  • прививать бережное отношение к окружающей среде;
  • - проанализировать экологическую ситуацию Черноземельского района, Республики Калмыкия.

адачи учебно-педагогические:

  • развивать интерес к предмету (профильная группа естественно-математического цикла);
  • развивать умение:

А) формулировать мысль на английском языке и грамматически правильно ее оформлять;

Б) использовать экологические термины.

Оборудование урока: интерактивная доска, компьютер, презентация, экологический бюллютень

Мотивация к работе основывалась на интересе к данной теме.

Дети проявили интерес не только к глобальным проблемам экологическим проблемам, но и проблемам своего региона и своего села. Так возник межпредметный проект “Экологические проблемы Республики Калмыкия”.

Дети выбрали темы исследования:

Лукшанов Б. “Ecological problems of Kalmykia”,

Анчаева Э. “ Chernozemelskiyi district is the zone of desertification”

Хулхачиева В. The endangered symbol of Kalmykia”

Зектиев П. Кекеев О., Нимгирова Б., Бадмаева М. “Globally threatened bird species in Caucasus eco-region”

Бурилова В. “Our Sostinskye Lakes”

Главный итог: в ходе работы ребята пришли к выводу, как важно заботиться о сохранении нашей планеты именно сейчас, а забота начинается с заботы об экологическом благополучии родного поселка.

Информационно-техническое обеспечение: изучение документов экологических конференций и акций, использовали фотографии, делали рисунки, ресурсы Интернет, компьютерная презентация.

Работа над проектом

1-й этап: организационный: выбрав темы своего исследования, учащиеся разделились на группы, определили задачи и спланировали свою деятельность. Роль учителей (уч.ин.языка Лиджиева А.Х., уч. географии Лукшанова О.А.) – направляющая на основе мотивации.

2-й этап: поисковый и исследовательский – учащиеся изучали документы, собирали информацию по своей теме на русском языке, готовили наглядное предъявление своих исследований. Роль учителей – наблюдательная, учащиеся в основном работали самостоятельно.(отв. Лукшанова О.А)

3-й этап: языковая работа – исследование языковых явлений и развитие навыков правильного лексического и грамматического оформления полученной информации на английском языке. (отв. Лиджиева А.Х.)

Перевод выполняли учащиеся путем консультирования учителем. Роль учителя –обучающая (консультативная).

4-й этап: предъявление проекта и его продукта. Роль учителя – сотрудничество.

Презентация проекта

Презентация проекта проведена в форме конференции, на которой учащимся предъявили свои исследования и сделали выводы о том, что проблемы экологии являются глобальными и ни одна страна не может решить их самостоятельно, что экология малой родины зависит от их отношения к природе, окружающей среде..

Продукт проекта

- Словарь экологических терминов, собранный учащимися;

- выпуск плакатов с обращением к жителям села сохранять экологию своего села, беречь Состинские озера, бережно относиться к природе: не рвать полевые цветы, к учащимся – беречь экологию школы, буклет “Биосферный заповедник “Черные земли””;

- разработан экологический кодекс школьника;

- проведены экологические акции “Убери свою улицу” (Кл рук. Лиджиева А.Х., Лукшанова О.А..), “Посади дерево” (общешкольная), беседы в младших классах.

Результат работы учащихся над учебным проектом “Экологические проблемы” (на английском языке)

Содержание

  • Обращение (на русском языке) Appeal
  • Introduction
  • Ecological catastrophe in the steppe of Kalmykia.
  • Ecological problems of Kalmykia.
  • Chernozemelskiy district is the zone of desertification.
  • The endangered symbol of Kalmykia.
  • Зектиев П. Кекеев О., Нимгирова Б., Бадмаева М. “Globally threatened bird species in Caucasus eco-region”.
  • Our Sostinskye Lakes. Fish in Danger.
  • References (литература).
  • Eco-glossary (словарь).

Ход урока

Видеоклип М.Джексона “The Earth Song”.

Учитель географии: Мы только, что просмотрели видеоклип Майкла Джексона, где он исполнил “Песню Земли” и это не случайно. Поскольку тема урока “Экологические проблемы Республики Калмыкия”.

Пока еще, как прежде прекрасна наша степь, пока еще уникальный уголок на планете Черные Земли не превратились в пустыню, не исчез сайгак – ровесник мамонта – нам всем следует остановиться и задуматься об экологии. Кажется сама природа взывает к нам.

Цель-проанализировать экологическую ситуацию Калмыкии, Черноземельского района и нашего родного поселка Ачинеры.

Учитель английского языка: The subject of today’s discussion is the “Ecological problems in the Republic of Kalmykia”

Учитель географии: Природа – это сочетание климата, рельефа, воды, почвы, растений, животных. Человек взаимодействует с природой с давних времен. Надо заметить, что природа щедро делилась с людьми своими дарами. А между тем человек нещадно ее эксплуатирует.

Хватит ли человечеству природных ресурсов? Не погубит ли он всю природу?

Учитель английского языка: Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve environmental problems that endanger people’s life. What are the most serious environmental problems today?

Today the Republic is facing numerous environmental problems, including desertification and the destruction of pastoral land. Traditional pastoral ways of life are also threatened.

Учитель географии: не затрагивая глобальных экологических проблем, рассмотрим региональные.

Территория республики располагается в 4-х природных зонах: степная, сухостепная, полупустынная и пустынная, кроме того, резкоконтинентальный климат, почти равнинный рельеф определили своеобразие экологических проблем Калмыкии. Мы проживаем в восточной части республики, где преобладают супесчаные и песчаные почвы. Продолжающееся антропогенное воздействие, в частности, бессистемный выпас скота, привели к деградации растительности. Постоянная перегрузка пастбищ в предыдущие годы настолько снизила биологический потенциал, что даже снижение фактической нагрузки до 50 % не приостановило процесс деградации растительного покрова, особенно в регионе Черных земель.

Учитель английского языка: Let’s begin our conference “Ecological problems in Kalmykia”.

Ученик: First of all, general characteristics of the republic

Republic of Kalmykia is one of the regions of the Russian Federation, situated in the south-east of the European part of Russia, in the lower Volga region .

Its territory is 76 000 square kilometers. It is characterized by semi-arid and arid climate receiving annually in average 210-420 mm of precipitation depending on the region. The main economic activity is agriculture contributing 80% of revenues. Plowed areas occupy 16% of the area, while 68% of the territory is used for livestock breeding .

The territory of the republic has been previously occupied by the Caspian Sea which determines saline soil characteristics and vegetation. Soils are varying from brown in the south and southeast to chestnut types in the west . Western part receives the most precipitation (in average 420 mm), has the most fertile erosion-resistant soils and specializes in crop growing and livestock breeding. It constitutes 5% of the republic’s territory. Central part makes up for 52% of Kalmykia and receives 280-315 mm of precipitation annually. Its primary agricultural activity is merino sheep breeding. Eastern part is the driest agricultural region of the republic as the annual precipitation is 210 mm in average with merino sheep breeding being the main agricultural activity. Solonetz, light loamy and loamy sand are the dominant types of soils in this area. It is also referred as the Black Lands region due to the fact the in the winter the pastures stay relatively snow-free.

Ученик 1: “Ecological problems in the Republic of Kalmykia”: Desertification is a global ecological, social and economic problem. In view of this, in 1996 more than 170 states signed a UN Convention on combating desertification. According to experts, desertification processes are already going or may possibly start in the future on about one hundred million hectares of land in thirty-five constituents of the Russian Federation, In Russia, desertification results in the appearance of quicksands. The most dangerous situation in this respect in Russia has arisen in Kalmykia. In aridity, this territory is second to the Central Asian deserts. The degradation of the lands in Kalmykia has resulted in the appearance of Europe's first anthropogenic desert with quicksands.

The scale of desertification in Kalmykia is enormous. This is the main issue for Kalmykia as an agricultural and pastoral region. The Republic is already taking serious action and making coordinated plans to combat soil degradation, drought and spreading of the desert. Major issues include preservation of unique biodiversity, overcoming the disastrous water management practices of the past, developing of the pastureland recovery methods from past misuse, oil and gas extraction monitoring, and careful consideration of mining activities. Throughout history, Kalmykia has experienced a vast destruction of pastureland, agricultural land, and traditional pastoral ways of life. During the Soviet era, this region suffered from unwise agricultural policies and mismanagement, and numerous projects contributed to the vast destruction of the local environment.

For example, high quotas for meat and fine fleece production in the planned economy, and the increase of sheep breeding for this purpose eventually led to overgrazing of most of Kalmykia's rich pastureland. The subsequent degradation of the soil contributed heavily to the desertification of the republic.

Intensive desertification urgently requires soil conservation and protection. Soil has always been Kalmykia's richest resource. In the Soviet era, degradation of the pastures of the Black Lands led to the first large man-made desert in Europe, with vast areas of open and blowing sand. (Slide 1)

During dust storms, the sand reaches the borders of European countries beyond Russia. Major environmental challenges:

  • Desertification
  • Soil degradation and exhaust
  • Salinisation and mineralisation
  • Air pollution
  • Sand storms
  • Risk of flooding
  • Fresh water resources degradation
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Exhaust of fish resources

Open desert and deteriorated pastures now cover half of Kalmykia. Different studies show that 83% of Kalmykia's territory suffers from processes of desertification and 47% from severe and very severe desertification. The appearance of the desert in this region resulted mainly from agricultural mismanagement. At the end of the 19th century, farms were small and the livestock that was raised - camels, cattle and fat-tailed sheep with flat hoofs - did not cause much harm to pasture grasses. After 1917, and especially from the middle of the 20th century, large agricultural collective farms appeared and livestock breeding was reoriented toward meat production and fine fleece sheep breeding. The number of sheep in Kalmykia increased from less than 1 million in the 1970s to approximately 3.2 to 3.5 million in the mid-1980s. This increase did not take into account the carrying capacity of the local pastures and the result was accelerated pasture degradation. In addition, the introduction of heavy Caucasus sheep with sharp hooves destroyed vegetation (the percentage of camels and cattle were reduced from 40% to 6.7%). Eventually, overgrazing led to a sharp reduction of the sheep population as sheep literally starved to death in the pastures. Other major consequences of environmental degradation include rapid salinisation, water pollution and drought, the destruction of pastoral land, and the reduction of biodiversity and ecosystems productivity.

In 1993, Kalmykia declared a "state of environmental emergency." In summary, this ongoing crisis is a result of intensive land degradation, shortage of water, increasing human strain on the natural environment over recent decades, and extreme natural conditions. These conditions have contributed to a decline in the life expectancy and overall health and quality of life of the population. This has, in turn, threatened the gene pool of the Kalmyk people and pointed the way towards ecological ethnocide. Since the declaration of the state of environmental emergency, the UNEP has assisted Kalmykia in the development of a National Action Plan to improve the state of the environment and to combat desertification. Desertification has had a major impact not only on the environment, but also on the economy of Kalmykia, the region's agricultural/pastoral way of life, relations with neighbouring regions, and the population as a whole. This process is leading to major socioeconomic changes, causing migration of the population, and reduction in health standards and the quality of life. Fresh water supplies are also a pressing issue. In the last ten years, the economy has been slowing down considerably. To restore economic activity in the desert territories, an interest in traditional livestock and economic practices has been revitalised. For example, several farms have started to breed camels to produce camel hair, steaks, and kumis, a mild alcoholic drink made from fermented mare's milk. At the same time, the large areas of degraded pastures are also being regenerated (300,000 hectares have been recovered in the Black Lands and Kizlyar area in neighbouring Dagestan in the last ten years). Large-scale planting operations are carried out every spring and autumn in degraded areas to fix the soil and to improve the quality of pastureland. Although attempts are being made to replace the sheep with camels in some parts of the country, much of the environmental damage is beyond repair. Kalmykia is now paying special attention to environmental management and the development of economic instruments to regulate the environment. In 1993, President, Kurzhon Ilumzhinov declared a state of environmental emergency in the Republic. In addition to federal environmental legislation and several other republican environmental regulations, an Environmental Impact Assessment Act was adopted in Kalmykia in 1995. Each year June 17 Kalmykia marks World Day for combating desertification and drought. This date is significant for us. This day is not a holiday, it is a day of alarm and pain of our people, all world for the future of the planet.

Учитель географии: Ежегодно в мире происходят огромные потери почв для сельскохозяйственного использования. Разрушение почвенного покрова ветровой эрозией чрезвычайно актуальна для нашего Черноземельского района.

Учитель английского языка: You know, that in the south-eastern part of Kalmykia where we live our environment is put at a risk. It is sad to see how our beautiful steppe has been turning into desert.

Ученик: Chernye Zemli (Black Lands) are specific zone in Kalmykia. Historically it had been a territory of winter pastures.

Periods of desertification

The history of Kalmyk land-use practices can be divided into three periods according to various socio-economic conditions. These practices in turn determine the level of land degradation.

Traditional agricultural practices A period before 1920 can be characterized by traditional nomadic livestock husbandry. Pastures were common; however, overgrazing did not occur as the people were aware of the vulnerability of the ecosystems that supported their well-being. They practiced sustainable herding without damaging ecosystem equilibrium. One of the sustainable agricultural techniques was traditional livestock composition: livestock consisted of 1 Yet, the ecosystem equilibrium was already being disturbed at that period by migrants from other, more humid areas of Russia and Ukraine in the 18th and 19th centuries. They started applying such agricultural techniques as plowing that is not suitable for most of the semi-arid territory of Kalmykia and accelerated wind erosion while the pasture areas were reduced which increased livestock concentration. But still the areas of plowing were kept relatively small at 110,000 hectares in 1913 and mostly in the more humid Western part of the republic. In this period the number of merino sheep grows. Its sharp hooves and slow grazing in big herds are more damaging to the grassland than the traditional fat-tail sheep. At the same time droughts is a recurring phenomenon in 1890-1920 which significantly decreases agricultural productivity and stepperesilience and causes famine. million heads traditional fat-tail sheep, 300,000 cattle, 200,000 horses and 20,000 camels. Besides, the nomads used pastures seasonally. So for example, Black Lands were used as winter pastures only and sheep grazing was forbidden. Moreover, there existed allocation of pastures and control of observance of individual grazing plots borders on Black Lands.

Intensification of agriculture

During 1920s under Soviet rule Kalmyk population was forced to change the nomadic way of life and settle. It resulted in disruption of seasonal pasture use while the share of sheep in the herds was increasing. Due to collectivization farm sizes were increased and a share of private livestock was reduced. In 1943 during World War II Kalmyks were exiled to Siberia accused of cooperation with the enemy, where they had to remain until 1958. It accelerated the loss of traditional Kalmyk cattle and sheep breeds, moreover, the remaining Russian population extended areas of irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture and increased the number of sharp-hoofed fine-fleece sheep.

Campaign for intensification of agricultural production began in the 1960. Sheep population grew to 2.2 million heads and shortage of natural fodder was compensated by growing crops including in the areas not suitable for plowing like Black Lands which caused soil erosion and salinisation. The period is characterized by decision makers’ neglect of ecological peculiarities of the land and application of uniform agricultural techniques with a goal of increasing agricultural production at any expense. .

By 1980s sheep population increased up to 5 million heads4 while the share of cattle in livestock dropped from 40% to 6.7% during 70 years. The animal load on pastures was 2-3 times higher than carrying capacity whereas animal productivity dropped 3.5 times.

Simultaneously more land was allocated for irrigated agriculture. In the Black Lands melon and fodder crops growing led to severe erosion and formation of open sand areas. Irrigation and faulty drainage systems resulted in formation of solonchaks. Thus, more than 600,000 hectares of degraded lands in Black Lands area were excluded from agricultural use. Pastures degradation and enormous livestock numbers led to fodder deficits in 1986-87 when 100,000-600,000 heads of livestock starved. This time, desertification problem was acknowledged by the authorities and resulted in “General Scheme of Desertification Control” for the Black Lands region. According to the scheme, 560 thousand hectares of open sands were to be reclaimed through planting brushwood and sand-fixing crops (phytomelioration) aiming at stabilizing sands and increasing pasture area in 1993-2000. In addition, the entire region’s water supplies were to be improved. Kalmykia has also received support for the same measures from United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) under National Action Plan to combat desertification followed by the declaration of the state of emergency in Kalmykia by the republic’s president. Combined efforts helped to reduce the area of moving sands to 110 thousand hectares.

Present situation (слайды)

Transition to market economy in the beginning of the 1990s brought economic decline to all sectors of Russian economy including agriculture. As a result, livestock numbers were significantly reduced (Figure 4). So, by 2000 livestock load on pastures was 1.5 times lower than pasture’s capacity at around 600,000 heads. Decreased grazing pressure contributed to pastures’ revival while continued phytomelioration helped to lessen wind erosion effect. Revival of pastures is also believed to be a consequence of the arid climatic cycle change to a humid one which is expressed in increased precipitation up to 320 mm annually and reduced number of dust storms . 1990s also saw a rise of the Caspian Sea level which is believed to be a historical trend rather than an ecological disaster. Better pasture conditions and the process of economical revival after the crisis of the 1990s have created favourable conditions for agricultural production and from 2000-2004 the livestock number doubled. Merino sheep continues to dominate livestock and grazing is year-round. Private livestock now constitutes around 50% of all livestock while pastures remain common. Several recommendations to preserve pastures and increase agricultural production have been proposed by the government. They require changing livestock composition to traditional structure with equal ratios of sheep, cattle and horses and a minor share of camels in order to reduce trampling and increase pastures’ efficiency. Another recommendation is reducing grazing to 80% of livestock needs to preserve steppe vegetation. Yet, these measures are not implemented due to lack of money. Therefore, there is a risk that further increase of livestock as it was the case in 1960s-1980s will lead to severe land degradation despite several improvements during 1990s.

The Black Lands (Chernaya Zemlya) generated widespread public attention. In 1991, a part of the Black Lands area was declared a national biosphere reserve and all economic activities were forbidden in this territory. The Black Soils biosphere reserve, with an area of 2.98 million ha in Kalmykia, now serves as an example of biodiversity conservation efforts. Here, many endangered species are under protection: 24 mammal species (such as hare, various types of rodents, saiga antelope), 60 bird species (such as eagle, partridge, skylark, buzzard), and 124 types of plants. Exploration for oil and gas deposits in the Chernozomelsky region has potentially negative environmental consequences. Recently, after the opening the Astrakhan gas condensate emission station, air conditions in Kalmykia have worsened considerably. Dust and sulphur emissions lead to air, soil and water pollution, causing serious health problems. The Caspian Pipeline Tengiz-Novorossijsk is an example of potential economic benefit, environmental risk. Inappropriate irrigation projects upset the delicate ecosystem of the region and caused catastrophic ecological damage. Negative effects on the environment are also caused by the rise of the Caspian Sea level and exposure of about 230,000 hectares of land to floods that destroy property, roads and power lines.

Учитель географии: От экологического неблагополучия страдают животные, растения, рыбы. Cимволом экологического бедствия калмыцкой степи – угроза исчезновения уникального животного – сайгака.

Ученик: Saiga antelope is endangered symbol of Kalmykia

Saiga antelope has been a part of the natural ecosystem of Kalmykia whose existence has been threatened by desertification processes and as an indicator species of biodiversity.

There are several populations of saiga in Mongolia and Central Asia and Europe. European population can be found on pre-Caspian pastures on the territory of Kalmykia and Dagestan. Saiga (Saiga tatarica tatarica .) is referred to as “living fossil” , as it has been existing at the same time as mammoth. It is characterized by high adaptability to harsh environments, speed (reaching up to 80 km/hour), short life-span and high reproduction rate, qualities indicating adaptation for living in highly variable conditions. Historically Kalmyks valued saiga for game but kept hunting in control in order to preserve stable population numbers which was one ways to ensure people’s long-term well-being. Nevertheless, saiga experienced almost a complete extinction in the late 19th century due to intensive hunting for its valuable horns. As a result its population counted several hundred heads in the beginning of the 20th century when hunting was banned. By 1950 it increased to 100,000 heads and until 1960s it was primarily hunting and poaching (the ban was lifted in 1950) that caused saiga numbers fluctuations.

Further on, poaching, deteriorating pasture conditions and reduction of its habitat area due to agricultural intensification limited saiga number in 1960s and 1970s.

Building irrigation canals along the migration route from breeding ground in Black Lands caused death of 14,000 new-born calves in 1977. Besides, irrigation canals became drinking points for saiga and limited its seasonal migration which made them more vulnerable to poachers. Nevertheless, reintroducing hunting ban in 1960s allowed saiga population to recover to nearly 700,000 individuals in the 1970s.

Livestock reduction and revival of pastures proved to be a positive factor for saiga and its number was steadily increasing since the end of 1980s to around 1998.

In addition, a biosphere reserve Chernye Zemli was established in Kalmykia in 1993 under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere programme with an objective to conserve saiga. Its territory in Black Lands is used by saiga as breeding ground and thus is protected against poachers during birth-giving season (ibid). Besides, saiga was included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) treaty in 1995 .

The end of 1990s shows decline of saiga due to poaching for horns and meat. Saiga horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine and 1 kg of horns costs up to 100 US dollars. Hunting for horns reduced male-ratio of adult saigas and it turn decreased antelope’s reproduction ability. As the livestock number dropped and economic conditions deteriorated, it caused saiga poaching for meat. As a result, in 2000 European saiga population was reduced to 25,000 heads. Achieving sustainability would require stabilizing saiga population and creating such agricultural practices that do not interfere with saiga well-being. The grazing of saiga is limited by the number of livestock in the area because both have the same source of fodder. However, saiga is a highly mobile animal, therefore, we assume that it only gets a part of its fodder needs in the Black Lands and thus, its reproduction and death rates are not affected entirely by the vegetation availability in the region.

A saiga reserve of 91 thousands ha was created to protect the birth-giving females from illegal hunting and to revive the European saiga population in 1993. It is also a source of fodder for saiga only and is not included into the pasture area.

The human population is dependent in turn on the revenues it gets from its share of livestock. The revenues from the state livestock also contribute to economic well-being of the people through employment benefits – 30% of the region’s population is employed at the state farms (Federal Statistical Bureau, 2004). Therefore, the population growth dynamics are determined by the private revenues. Since 1995 when the livestock number decreased drastically because of fodder shortages there has been a steady decline of the population due to migration caused by poverty. People start poaching saiga when they face economic hardship (Luschekina, Struchkov, 2001). It is argued that the killing is done mainly for the sake of valuable horns but also for meat (Arylov et al., 2004). In the CLD we assume that saiga poaching does not bring economic revenues to the public as it is only a few individuals who prosper from it while the rest rely on it as a source of cheap meat.

Irrigated agriculture is the third source of revenues of the state and private farms. There is a limited amount of land available for plowing. It is separate from the pasture area and constitutes around 1.5 % of the total area. The same area is designated for fodder crops growing. However, the soils are not suitable for irrigation and salinization occurs within 3-7 years leaving the fields infertile and excluded from the agricultural use.

Consequently, the vegetation is decreased by its consumption and trampling. Cattle and sheep have different grazing behaviour – the latter destroys the vegetation by grazing down to the root of the plant while the former grazes the top off and covers bigger pasture areas leaving more chances for the grass to regenerate.

Учитель географии: Вода – самодержавная царица.

Для всех бесценная всегда.

Вода самый ценный дар природы. И в русских и калмыцких сказках живая вода возвращает к жизни мертвого, в реальности – она дает жизнь странам, городам, степям и лесам. Калмыки всегда боготворили воду.

Ученик: There is much water on our planet but in our Kalmyk steppe there is little water in it. Lack of water for agricultural purposes and for drinking have always plagued Kalmykia. A few large-scale projects were developed during Soviet times to solve this problem, but they failed because of an inability to predict and to take into account the environmental consequences of their implementation. This failure is explained also by an ignorance of the local conditions and traditions, demonstrating that the complexity of the situation cannot be solved by technological intervention alone. The best example is the story of the Volga Chograi canal. When Mikhail Gorbachev was the party leader of the Stavropol region, several projects were developed to divert Volga water to arid regions through a man-made canal, without careful attention to the environmental impacts these projects would have. The construction of the Volga Chograi canal was part of the Minvodkhoz (Ministry of Water Management and Melioration, a very powerful state organisation in Soviet times), one of many projects that diverted northern and Siberian rivers to the south. Financed by the Russian federal budget, a stretch of about 160 km was dug for the canal in 1987-1988. Following the appeal of scientists, and those who opposed the canal for environmental and economic reasons, construction of the canal was halted. As a result of this immense project, a deep gash in the landscape remains. Ground waters have risen and become highly mineralised (93g/l). Health symptoms, similar to the ones around the Aral Sea, are present in this area: people suffer from diseases, sand storms and fresh water shortages.

Учитель географии:

Государственный биосферный заповедник “Черные земли” был организован в 1990 г. для сохранения уникальной экосистемы Калмыцкой степи, генофонда редких и исчезающих видов растений и животных. В 1993 г. ЮНЕСКО при ООН включило заповедник в мировую сеть биосферных резерватов.Cnhflf.n jn xtkjdtdtxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb ;bdjnyst? Gnbws? Hfcntybz/ Ctqxfc ds jpyfrjvbntcm

Ученики: представляют презентацию “Globally threatened bird species”

Учитель английского языка: Let’s speak about one of the most important problems – water pollution. It’s very urgent nowdays for Achinery.

Ученик: I’ am worried about the state of our Sostinskie Lakes in my area too Sostinskii Lakes poluted, they are in danger, fish is also in danger, they are dying. The result of it is that some species of fish have being disappeared. My grandmother says they were clean and beautiful in her childhood. Now they are spoiled. The amount of litter astonished us. Sostinskie Lakes are a unique landmark in our region. Our lakes were connected with the Kuma river by a narrow stream. Then the stream nearly dried up, and sand closed round the mouth of the stream. And so salty lakes was formed. Since 1974 this area has been the Sostinskii regional nature reserve for migrating birds and different species of waterfowl. In summer birds such as herones, seagulls, snipes, Dalmatian pelicans, white – fronted geese come to build nests here. The Lakes were rich in silver carp, pike, sazan, but today the number of them are reduced because of bad ecology. We like to swim in our Lakes. Our Lakes are famous for their healing silt used for treatment of skin diseases.

Учитель английского языка: It is time to finish our conference. It was great pleasure to discuss ecological problems with you. To conclude ? I want to say that there are many actions that each person can take every day. Think globally, act locally!

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Ecology is the of how living things are related to their environment. Many people are concerned about their ecology today. They are concerned about protecting the environment from pollution, overcrowding, and destruction of natural resources.

Life Skill.

Dear boys and girls!

Take care of your motherland. Don`t cut the wild flowers. They may all disappear. Plant one a tree a year. From one tree a forest grows. It is very simple. Put one acorn into the land. Never throw or break glass bottles. You damage the land. Take only that you need from the land. Give more to the land that what you take.

Your teachers

Участвуйте в охране природы:

Найдите наиболее загрязнённые места в вашей округе и сфотографируйте их.

Организуйте компанию в своей школе по их очистке.

Сделайте плакаты и призывы для рекламы вашей кампании по очистке. Используйте для этого фотографии.

Напишите статью в школьную газету.

Поступите так, ведь вы любите свою родину!

Пусть экологические проблемы станут достоянием гласности, вашей каждодневной заботой. Keeping the Earth clean

When air, or water becomes dirty, we say it is polluted. We know that polluted air, land, and water are harmful to plants, animals, and people. We are the care takers of the earth. How will we keep our earth clean?

Презентация