Грамматическая разработка на тему "Plural of nouns"

                      -s

                                  -es

• vowels i, a: [z]. e.g. sofas, skis.
• mute –e: [iz]. e.g. horses.
Note: house [haus] – houses [′hauziz].

• consonants except sibilants:

•sibilants –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -zz: [iz].
e.g. actress – actresses [′æktrisiz], wish- wishes [′wi∫iz].
But:
gas – gasses or gases;
bus - busses or buses;
quiz - quizzes.

[s] after voiceless consonants.
e.g. map-maps 

[z] after voiced consonants.
e.g. hand - hands

• Note: there is a group of words ending in –th pronounced specially:
path [pa:Ө] – paths [pa:ðz];
bath [ba:Ө] – baths [ba:ðz];
youth [ju:Ө] – youths [ju:ðz];
mouth [mauӨ] – mouths [mauðz];
faith [feiӨ] – faiths [feiӨs(ðz)][5];
truth [tru:Ө] – truths [tru:ðz][4];
oath [əuӨ] – oaths [əuðz];
wreath [ri:Ө]- wreaths [ri:ðz].
In all the other cases the final –s is pronounced as [s].
e.g. months [mΛnӨs].

•vowel + y : [z].
e.g. play- plays
•proper names:
e.g. the Kennedys, the two Germanys.
•why – whys (to know the whys and wherefores – знать отчего и почему).
•compounds:
e.g. stand-bys (подспорья), lay-bys(ветки, пути).

• consonant + y: [z] (y→i).
e.g. lady –ladies [′leidiz].
•quy (y→i).
e.g. soliloquy – soliloquies [sə′liləkwiz] (монологи).

•vowel + o: [z].
e.g. zoos, studios, loos, pistachios, patios, ratios, scenarios, bamboos, embryos, filios, kangaroos, radios.
•proper names and trademarks.
e.g. Romeos, Eskimos, Filipinos, lilos.
•shortened nouns.
e.g. nos (numbers), kilos, photos, pros (professionals), euros, memos.
• a do (вечеринка)- dos or do’s [du:z].
•some borrowed words relating to musical and technical terms.
e.g. pianos, concertos [kən′t∫ə:təuz], dynamos [′dainəməuz], quartos, logos, mementos, solos, tangos, tobaccos, hobos, macros, ponchos, combos, broncos, rondos, piccolos, banjos, cantos.
•compounds.
e.g. no-nos (табу), one-twos (игры в два удара).

•consonant + o: [z].
e.g. potatoes, dominoes, dadoes, Negroes, echoes, noes, goes, vetoes, tomatoes, embargoes, torpedoes.
Note: the following nouns form their plural in either way:
zero-zeros-zeroes;
cargo-cargos-cargoes;
halo-halos-haloes;
commando-commandos-commandoes;
volcano-volcanos-volcanoes;
mosquito-mosquitos- mosquitoes;
tornado-tornados-tornadoes.

•the rest of the nouns ending in –f(e).
e.g. reef-reefs, grief-griefs, gulf-gulfs.

• f(e)→ves ([z]) in the following nouns:
calf-calves;
elf-elves;
half-halves;
knife-knives;
leaf-leaves;
life-lives [laivz];
self-selves;
loaf-loaves;
sheaf-sheaves;
shelf-shelves;
thief-thieves;
wife-wives;
housewife-housewives;
wolf-wolves;
staff-staves [steivz] (зд. посох).

                             •The following nouns form their plural in either way:
scarf-scarfs-scarves;
dwarf (карлик)-dwarfs -dwarves;
hoof-hoofs-hooves;
beef-beefs-beeves;
wharf (пристань) – wharfs – wharves;
handkerchief [′hæηkət∫if] – handkerchiefs – handkerchieves [′hæηkət∫i:vz].

     Without changes

                      With changes

•Names of animals:
a sheep- sheep;
a swine – swine;
a deer – deer;
a grouse – grouse (куропатка).
Note: most of other animal names (e.g. pike, fish, carp, trout, etc.) form their plural without changes as well, however, their regular plural (found rarely) implies different individuals, species, kinds of animal.
e.g. We caught five salmon (pike, hare, etc.).
The plant was covered with greenfly (тля).
There are only two salmon(s) for sale today.

• 9 nouns:
a man-men; a woman – women [′wimən]; a tooth- teeth; a foot – feet; a goose- geese; a mouse – mice; a louse – lice; an ox- oxen; a child – children.
Note: The nouns brother, cow and person have two plural forms:
a person – people – persons (formally);
a brother – brethren(people of the same creed, собратья) – brothers (members of a family);
a cow – kine (old-fashioned) – cows.

•Nationality nouns in –ese, -ss:
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Portuguese, etc.

•names, indicating coins or banknotes when to denote a sum:
a penny- pence;
a lira – lire [′lirei];
a krona – kronor [′krouno:];
a krone - kroner
Note: when the question is about individual coins or banknotes, their plural is regular.
e.g. Two pennies are lying on the floor.

•A number of nouns ending in -s:
a series – series (ряд, серия);
a species – species [′spi:∫i:z] (виды, породы, рода);
a works – works;
a means – means;
a barracks – barracks;
a headquarters – headquarters;
a crossroads – crossroads;
a golf links – golf links (площадки для гольфа);
a dry-cleaner’s – dry-cleaner’s;
a gallows – gallows (виселицы);
a lazy-bones – lazy-bones;
a bourgeois – bourgeois [′buəзwa].

• a number of nouns:
a craft –craft;
an aircraft – aircraft;
an offspring – offspring (отпрыски);
an insignia – insignia (ордена);

• a number of borrowed, rarely used nouns:
a samurai – samurai;
a haiku – haiku;
a Seneca [′senəkə]– Seneca(s);
a senryu – senryu [′senriu:];
a corps [ko:] (корпус, род, войско)– corps [ko:z]

• a number of borrowed nouns:
a précis [′preisi:] (конспект)– précis [′preisi:z];
a patois [′pætwa:] (диалект)– patois [′pætwa:z];
a chassis [′∫æsi:] – chassis [′∫æsi:z] (шасси);
a nouveau riche [nu:vəu′ri:t∫] (богатый выскочка)– nouveaux riches [nu:vəu′ri:t∫];
a billet-doux [′bilei′du:] (любовное письмо)– billets-doux [′bilei′du:z];
madam [mə′da:m] – Mesdames [mei′dæm];
signor [si:′njo:] – signors [si:′njoui:];

•names indicating numbers when preceded by a numeral:
pair, couple, dozen, score (два десятка), stone (14 англ. фунтов), head, percent, gross (12 дюжин), grand ($1000), thousand, hundred, million, billion.   
e.g. Two dozen of eggs – dozens of eggs were broken.  

Singular

Plural

-is [is]
basis [′beisis]
crisis [′kraisis]
analysis [ə′nælisis]
thesis [′Өi:sis]
parenthesis [pə′renӨəsis]
axis [′æksis]
prognosis [prəg′nousis]
hypothesis [hai′poӨəsis]
diagnosis [daiə′gnousis]
emphasis [′emfəsis]

-es [i:z]
bases
crises
analyses
theses
parentheses
axes
prognoses
hypotheses
diagnoses
emphases

-on [ən]

-a [ə]

criterion [krai′tiəriən]
phenomenon [fə′nomənən]

criteria
phenomena

-a [ə]

-ata [ətə]

miasma [mi′æzmə] (легкий туман)

miasmata

-us [əs]

-i [ai], -ora, -era [ərə]

focus
nucleus
radius
corpus
genus (сорт, вид)
bacillus
cactus
stimulus
narcissus [na:′sisəs]

stimuli
nuclei
radii
corpora
genera
bacilli
cacti (cactuses)
stimuli
narcissi

-a [ə]*

-ae [i:]

formula
antenna (усики у животных)
nova [′nəuvə] (новая звезда)
lacuna [lə′kju:nə] (пробел)
vertebra [′və:təbrə] (позвонок)

formulae
antennae
novae
lacunae
vertebrae

-um [əm]*

-a [ə]

medium
datum
stratum [′stra:təm] (пласт, ступень)
erratum [ə′ra:təm]
curriculum
memorandum
stadium [′steidiəm]
fulcrum [′fulkrəm] (точка опоры)
compendium

media
data
strata
errata
curricula
memoranda
stadia
filcri
compendia

-ix [iks]

-ices/-es [isi:z]

index*
appendix
matrix [′meitriks]

indices/indexes
appendices/appendixes
matrices/matrixes

•Noun+Noun – Noun+Nouns

a housewife- housewives; a toothbrush – toothbrushes; a boy-scout – boy-scouts 

•(wo)man+Noun– (wo)men+Nouns

a man-servant – men-servants; a woman-doctor – women-doctors; a gentleman-farmer – gentlemen-farmers

•Noun+man – Noun+men

a policeman – policemen; a gentleman – gentlemen. But: Germans, Romans, Normans, Messrs. Gentlemans (a proper name) etc.

•Noun+Preposition+Noun – Nouns+Preposition+Noun

an editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief; a coat-of-mail – coats-of-mail (кольчуги); a man-of-war – men-of-war (военные корабли)

•Noun+Conjunction+Noun – Noun+Conjunction+Nouns

a gin-and-tonic – gin-and-tonics

•Noun+Preposition(Adverb,Adjective) – Nouns+Preposition(Adverb,Adjective)

a passer-by – passers-by; a looker-on – lookers-on; a court-material – courts-martial  (трибуналы)

•Element1+(…)+Element2(one of the Elements=Verb) – Element1+(…)+Elements2

a forget-me-not – forget-me-nots; a marry-go-round - marry-go-rounds; a stand-by – stand-bys; a drop-out – drop-outs; a go-between – go-betweens(посредники); a close-up (крупный план) – close-ups; a grown-up – grown-ups.