I. COMPUTERS
The use of computers
Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers.
They save a lot of time. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library.
In the last 10 years or so, most large businesses have become completely depended on computers for storing and looking an information, for writing and calculating financial and mathematical information.
Computers within a single office or building may be connected, and they there fore form a network. Users of computers on a network can send messages to each other utilizing the same collections of data or information. In many offices and organizations computer message have replaced messages written on paper, and they are now called e-mail or electronic mail.
E-mail is a great invention, too. It’s faster than sending a letter and cheaper than sending a telegram.
E-mail saves paper and the work of moving paper from one place to another. Workers can send and receive e-mail without leaving their desks and their desktop computers. But computers have some disadvantages. Computers can get viruses. Sometimes the wrong people can make use of the information available in the wrong way. Computers become out of date very quickly, they need to be replaced.
Words and word combinations:
to extend-продлевать, расширять
existing-существование
within-в пределах
to utilize-использовать, перерабатывать
to replace-ставить, заменять
Give the English equivalents for:
Расширять способности человеческого мозга, существующие барьеры, экономить время, делать ошибки, полностью зависит от компьютера, просматривать информацию, посылать сообщения, заменять сообщения, великое изобретение, не покидая своего места, посылать и получать электронную почту, использовать информацию неправильно, устаревать, нуждаться в замене.
Answer the questions:
1.What advantages of computer do you know?
2.Why have most large businesses become completely depended on computers?
3.How do we use the e-mail?
4.What disadvantages of computers do you know?
Computers at school
Information science with the ideas and message of processing and storing information is of great importance today. That’s why computer technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject “basic information science”, and “computing machine” was introduсed for the siner forms at schools. The pupils teach computers to resolve school problems. Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studying new subject. School computers are used not only for studying information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers.
Words and word combinations:
a message of processing-средство обработки
a storing of information-собрание информации
to introduce-вводить
to use-использовать
to increase-увеличивать
a purpose-намерение, цель
to train-обучать
Give the English equivalents for:
Информационная наука, средство развития, компьютерная технология, стимулировать интерес к обучению, делать более серьезным обучение новым предметам, для изучения информатики.
Answer the questions:
1. Why is information science very important today?
2. Why do the pupils teach the computers at school?
3. What increases the interest of learning?
4. Where are school computers used?
Computers in medicine
Computers are one of great importance in modern hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been enquired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of symptoms of various diseases and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on symptoms in the computer and get the necessary information on correct diagnostics and treatment.
Words and word combinations:
a chief use-основная цель использования
to discovery – открытие
a solution – решение
an existing knowledge – существующие решения
a symptom – симптом
the various diseases – различные болезни
a treatment – лечение
to feed – подавать, нагнетать
diagnostic – диагностический
Give the English equivalents for:
в современной больнице, накопление медицинских знаний, хранить открытия, решение проблемы, существующие знания о симптомах различных болезней, лечение болезней, подавать данные о симптомах в компьютер, получить необходимую информацию, правильная диагностика и лечение.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the chief use of computers in modern hospital?
2. What is the only solution of the medical problem?
3. What are there in the medical computer centers today?
4. Why do doctors feed data on symptoms in the computer?
II. INTERNET
The Internet
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them.
This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraq computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairy accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet. There are millions and their number is growing by thousands each month world-wide.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of people, who have access to the Internet, use the networks only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading news, using the World Wide Web, telnet etc.
Words and word combinations:
a network-нейронная сеть
to embrace-соединять
to survive-пережить
a nuclear war-ядерная война
a path-путь
a single route-единственный маршрут
a packet switching-пакетная коммутация
owing to-вследствие, благодаря
a nuclear explosion-ядерный взрыв
to knock out-выключать
a fairy accurately-сказочно точно
an access-доступ
a reliable alternative-надежная альтернатива
a fee-плата
the wireless station-радиостанция
drastically-решительно
to transmit-передавать
constantly-постоянно
to intercept-прерывать
encoding-зашифрованный
to conduct transaction-вести дела
host-множество
Give the English equivalents for:
Глобальная компьютерная сеть, ядерная война, самый короткий путь, пакетная коммуникация, выключать, самая популярная служба Интернета, иметь доступ в Интернет, посылать электронную почту, решительное увеличение, передавать сообщение, постоянно перехватывать, зашифрованные программы, вести сделки по Интернету.
Answer the questions:
1.What is the Internet?
2.Where did the Internet begin?
3.Why was the Internet designed?
4.What is the most popular Internet service?
5.How do people use the Internet?
6.How can the commercial users communicate over the Internet?
The Internet as a source of information
Computers play a very important part in our life. They help people in their work and studies. They save us a lot of time. While at school I often made use of the Internet to collect information for my test papers and compositions. Computers give access to a lot of information. It is possible to find data and descriptions, chapters from necessary books… to make a long story short, everything you need. The Internet, a global computer network, which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive in a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet. There are millions and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide. Users of computers on a network can send messages to each other, utilizing the same collections of data or information. In many offices and organizations computer messages have replaced messages written on paper, and they are now called e-mail or electronic mail. E-mail is not only fast and easy (if you understand how to use the computer), but it also saves paper and the work of moving paper from one place to another. Workers can send and receive e-mail without leaving their desks and their desktop computers. The Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of their communities. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, they increase the commercial use of this network. For example, some American banks and companies conduct transactions over the Internet. So, you see that the Internet is an inseparable part of our life.
Words and word combinations:
an access-доступ
accurately-точно
to utilize-использовать
to replace-вернуть
inseparable-неотделимый
to keep up-быть в курсе
Give the English equivalents for:
Экономить время, собирать информацию, найти любую информацию, глобальная компьютерная сеть, послать информацию по Интернету, посылать сообщения друг другу, общаться по Интернету, совершать сделки по Интернету.
Answer the questions:
1.How does the computer help pupils at school?
2.Is it comfortable to send messages to each other?
3. How do the commercial users use the Internet?
4.How do the American banks use the Internet?
5.Why does the American bank use the Internet?
Scientific and Technological Progress
It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with nature. Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let's compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the 'beginning of the 20th century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every day life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not. They would seem miracle to them that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, aeroplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual things and we can't imagine our life without them.
A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations, the endless number of outstanding discoveries have been made. Our century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over the world. All these things prove the power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.
But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a number of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological problems, the safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the responsibility of a scientist.
But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.
Words and word combinations:
to accelerate-ускорить
to investigate-исследовать
a universe-вселенная
to apply-обращаться
to improve-улучшать
an ancestor-предок
a combustion-сгорание
a miracle-чудо
rapid-быстрый
splitting-сильная
a conquest-покорение
a mankind-человечество
to overcome-преодолеть
a gravity-серьезность
to reverse-переставлять
to arouse-вызывать
a concern-интерес
a treat-развлечение
a courage-смелость
to disclose-обнаруживать
Give the English equivalents for:
Ускорять развитие цивилизации, исследовать законы вселенной, изменяться до неузнавания, казаться чудом, век завоевании космоса, впервые в истории человечества, выходить во вселенную, пробуждать большое количество проблем, причина интереса, иметь храбрость и терпение, обнаружить секреты.
Answer the questions:
1. What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in our cooperation with nature?
2. How did our life change from the beginning of the 20th century?
3. What names has our century?
4. What outstanding discoveries in our century do you know?
5. What problems has the rapid scientific progress?