Цель урока: Расширение знаний учащихся посредством использования музейной педагогики.
Задачи урока:
Образовательные:
- Расширение связи иностранного языка с работой музея Декоративно-прикладного искусства посредством разработки экскурсии по музею на английском языке;
- Обучение лексике по данной теме;
- Обучение переводу с русского языка на английский;
- Обучение монологической речи;
- Совершенствование навыка диалогической речи;
- Активизация лексики по теме “Квартира”, “Мой город”;
- Совершенствование лексико-грамматических навыков говорения.
Воспитательные:
- Воспитание уважения к русской культуре, традициям;
- Воспитывать патриотизм и толерантность;
- Знакомство учащихся с историей русского крестьянского быта;
- Развитие национального самосознания учащихся.
Оборудование урока:
- Интерьер школьного музея Декоративно-прикладного искусства школы г. Москвы №1970.
- Экспонаты школьного музея Декоративно-прикладного искусства.
- Карточки с заданиями.
Ход урока
GREETING WORD
We'd like to welcome you in our museum of decorative art of school № 1970. Our museum consists of two halls. The first hall is devoted to “Russian Izba”. In this hall you can see the inner part of Russian izba, internal furniture of it, the influence of city traditions on village. We’ll start our excursion with the door and the door-step.
The door.
The door is a wooden panel used for closing the entrance space of the house. It has always been made of wood, one-folded, mainly of oak which was considered to be the firmest kind of wooden bars which were nailed across the top, middle and bottom parts of the door. Between the door – posts they installed the top log which they called “vershnjak” and the bottom log – “door-step”.
In mythological representation of Russian people, which has appeared long before Christianity, the doorway was considered to be a place of contact of outer world and inner space of the house. Russian people believed that housewalls defended the person, made him and his family and clan invulnerable. The outher world supposed to be an evil one: creatures sent lightning on people, snowfalls, thunderstorms and fires.
Leaving the house through the door the person met hostile forces face to face. For this reason there was a custom to make a short pray before a long journey and to take a seat on the bench near the door. After performing those magical activities which meant the farewell to house and getting the defence in journey the person went off.
If the person came back in the house having forgotten something, he had to make the ritual again, otherwise he was expected to have troubles in his way. It was considered that a doorway was used for getting into the house. In Russian villages the set of ways of cleaning doors, door posts and door-steps were well known. They made them with the purpose of protection from unknown and evil spirits. On a door-step or on a door post they used to hang a horse-shoe, a knife or a part of a mower.
The doorstep
A doorstep is a wooden rectangular raised place in the bottom part of the doorway. A doorstep served for penetration of cold air from the entrance hall into the izba. In mythological consciousness of people a doorstep was considered to be a border between two worlds – the world of family living in this house and the outer huge world. The outer world was perceived, as not clear and hostile space for people, filled not by kindness, happiness, feeling of unity and support.
Inside the house there were special relations,not similar to others. People dressed differently, spoke and behaved differently. Therefore there were a lot of legends connected with a doorstep – a border between two worlds. For example, if entering the stranger's house it was necessary to stop and make a short pray. Everybody knows the forbiddance to greet across a doorstep or give a hand and talk to each other. Non– observation of these rules could lead to bad consequences.
At wedding ritual the fiancé quests arriving to the bride had to jump over the doorstep of bride's house not touching it with feet. At the same time the bride had to stand for some time on the doorstep entering the fiance's house.
In the first case the doorstep was represented as an obstacle over which you should jump over for the girl to take out of the house. In the second case the doorstep was represented as the place of getting into a new house.
The next place of the Russian house we’d like to talk about is the floor.
The floor.
The floor is a lower border of inner space of the house. In Russian houses floors used to be half earthen or wooden. Till the second half of the XIX century earthen floors were not widely spread in Russia. Even in the 20-30th of the XX century many houses didn't have wooden floors at all.
The floor separated living space of the house from the uninhabited part of the house and was recognized as the border between the world of people and not human beings: house keepers, inhuman forces, spirits of dead parents and etc. In the underground there lived a housekeeper who came to izba every night to get warm. It was seen in various sorts of signs, interpretations of dreams. So, for example, when you wash floors in your dream, you will change the house; when you go on a floor board – you will get married. Peasants believed that if you make the bed along the floors boards – the person will leave the house or die.
The dead person was put along the floor boards with his legs towards the door because his way into another world lay from the house. During the marriage the matchmakers sat down so that it was possible to watch in the direction of floor boards. In this case the courtship was a success. The married girl left the native house forever.
You must make your bed across the floor boards too.
The next part of the house we’d like to speak about is a ceiling.
THE CEILING.
The ceiling is a top border of the internal space of the house. The characteristic feature of the Russian house was a flat ceiling. It’s was a basis made of a thick tetrahedral bar. The boards of the ceiling were put on the top of the bars. Since the second half of the 19th century the ceiling had been made of wide thick boards. The boards were put parallel to boards of the floor. They threw sawdust on the ceiling because it gave the house the additional warmth. According to a legend it was impossible to fill the ceiling with the ground because it was associated with a cover of a coffin. Like the floor, the ceiling was considered to be a border between two worlds.
Red Corner had always been recognized as the main part of the Russian house.
RED CORNER
Red Corner is a front part of peasant's house. It is an area in the depth of the house limited by the corner diagonally from the stove. The main decoration of Red Corner is Bozhniza with icons and a lamp.
BOZHNIZA
Bozhniza is a shelf made particularly for icons, made of wood, it was decorated with carving and painting. Usually Bozhniza was two-storied. On the shelf they put icons. They kept important documents and objects on the bottom shelf: holly water, Easter eggs, and branches of willow. They closed Bozhniza with a curtain.
BOZHNIC
Bozhnic is a textile for decoration of icons. It is a narrow textile, decorated with embroidery, ribbons and laces at the ends. They hang Bozhnic to cover an icon from above and sides, but not to cover faces of the Saints.
Russian people tried to hold Red Corner in order and decorated it elegantly. The name of Red Corner means “ beautiful”, “ nice ” and “ light”. Russian people took the first and the last reaped sheaf to the house during the harvesting and installed it in Red Corner solemnly. That is why they called it the saint of the first and the last ears of the harvest, which were endowed with magic force. It gave the welfare to the family house and all the household.
Russian people prayed first and only then began important issues. The Red Corner is the main place of honour in the house. The visitors could pass to the Red Corner only after special invitation of the host. There was a table with two benches there.
All important events and holiday dinners have been held there. They took the bride to the church then back to the groom's house and followed her to the Red Corner in the new house.
THE TABLE
A table is a necessary element of the house decoration, serving for everyday or holiday meal. The table has always had a place of honour in traditional Russian house. In the Red Corner there were icons. The table was decorated with beautiful clothes.
THE SIDEBOARD
The sideboard is a wooden cupboard for crockery. The bottom part of the cupboard had folding doors with shelves for storage crockery inside. The upper part of the sideboard consisted of several cases with glazed doors. The sideboard was decorated with carving or painting. The sideboard has appeared in the 19th century under the influence of city traditions.
THE BENCH
A bench – is a board cut into the wall on the first side and the other side had the legs. Benches were decorated with a little board hung down from the edges of the bench like frills. Benches were situated along the walls around the room starting from the entrance and used for sitting, sleeping and keeping different household things.
Each bench had its name. Under the benches peasants stored different things which in case of need could be taken out easily: axes, shoes, other tools. In traditional ceremonialism and in sphere of traditional norms of behavior the bench acts as a place on which not everyone is allowed to sit. It was common for a stranger not to pass a doorstep until the host of the house invited him to come into the house and take his seat.
THE WINDOW
There are two windows represented in our museum. They are called “kosjachatye”. These windows had jambs. They appeared in the Russian house in the XIII century. At first such windows were settled in the houses of rich townsmen.
Into the empty space they put some transparent materials, for example, glass, mica (слюда), fish bladder (пузырь) and other materials. In poor peasants’ houses windows were “volokovymi” as they were closed with wooden bars – “volokami”.
In the traditional country house of the XIX-XX centuries windows were situated on the house façade. They were not opened. The room was aired through the chimney pipe or door. Those windows situated on the façade and on the side wall had always had shutters and were closed for the night.
Windows were provided with various symbolic functions. The window in a wall was supposed to be one of the most dangerous places in the house as it was a border between inner space of the house and outer world which was a hostile one. It was strongly considered that the sunlight could penetrate through the window only. All the other penetrations were considered to be dangerous for a person – whether it was a bird (to a death) or a wood-pecker knocking at the shutter (to an accident or a death).
Windows were decorated with little curtains of homemade sackcloth (домотканый холст) with embroidery and laces.
Now we want to tell you a few words about traditional Russian holiday – New Year’s Day.
ABOUT FIR TREE.
In ancient times people spiritualized nature. They believed that spirits
lived in plants and trees. People thought that the spirits had to turn into
black clouds and evergreen fir-trees during winter. The spirits could send
severe frosts and snowstorms, they could prevent people from hunting so they had
to be cajoled. The quantity of spirits grew during the longest nights
especially in solstice. It was the time for people to bring the gifts to the
evergreen fir-trees, to decorate them and make special rites near them. Later
those days became pre-Christmas days. Christians began to celebrate
Christmas in the IV century, the tradition to decorate the tree appeared in the
XVIcentury.
The decoration of fir-trees has a long history. The earliest decoration included
candles, apples, nuts, sweets and biscuits. Some confectioners used to sell
fir-trees with fixed sweets. In Russia there was a tradition to "pluck" the
fir-tree. Some rich people used to hang jewelry-rings and earrings.
Glass decorations were invented in Germany in the XIX century. There was a legend about the glassblower who didn't have any money for eatable decorations. To make his children happy he had to make glass decorations. The replacement happened to be a successful one.
Russian glassblowers added to the traditional glass balls, cones and mushrooms some figures of fairy-tale characters. That was the specific feature of Russian fir-tree. The decorations were made of wax and paper.
Many peoples considered Fir-tree to be a saint tree. The tradition of celebrating New Year's Day symbolized the ancient holiday of death and renewal. Germans believed that the spirits of forest and dead relatives lived in a fir-tree. They could help in illnesses, provide victories and a good harvest. To cajole the spirits people hung killed animals and decorations on the trees. Then the rite dances took place. After that the tree was burned. The ash was gathered and thrown away in the fields.
Gradually, the idea to decorate the fir-tree spread in France. George the III (the English King) liked a German princess and thus the fir-tree came to England in 1760 and 80 years later thanks to queen Victoria's husband – Albert. In Russia the first trees appeared thanks to Germans. It was in the 40th of XIX century. Fir-trees were in fashion. And at the end 1840 the first false trees appeared. With the development of industry the toys became more available for every level of population.
There was a tradition of decorating the top of the tree. At first it was a star. The architecture of the Kremlin has a shape of a fir-tree. The New Year takes its start from the Spasskaya Tower.
THE RUSSIAN OVEN
It's a facility for house warming and cooking. The oven played a main part in the interior of Russian home. The fire is made within the oven. Russian oven has a shape of a cube. The upper part of the oven is flat for lying. The firebox is large, the shutter is cut in the shape of a shield with a hand. Before the shutter there was a special place for the utensils to be put into the oven.
Russian ovens were often built on the log cabins. Ovens differed according to the type of chimney holes. The most ancient Russian ovens were the ones without any chimneys at all. They were called black. The smoke came out of the hole and it was concentrated in black clouds under the ceiling. The ceiling was usually black and smoked. People had to open the door to air the room.
By the middle of the XIX century most of the peasants' houses were warmed in this way.
The “white” Russian oven had chimney for the smoke to be emitted out. In the past ovens were often made from clay. Stones were added in order the ovens to be hotter and keep much warmth. Nowadays most of the ovens are made from the bricks.
There was a special rite of "oven poaching". The father of the house invited all the fellows and maidens of the village to take part in the "poaching". The young people brought some clay with them, poached it in the house and then they began to put the clay in the special form. They used sticks, hammers and feet to poach the clay. They also sang rhythmic songs. The oven was usually made within two hours. Then the people began to dance on the rest of the clay. Then the "oven" treat was given to them: vodka, bread and pryaniks. The oven could be used by many generations.
In Russian villages in the XIX-XX centuries ovens were used for warming, cooking and airing. People used them for sleeping, drying corn, onion and garlic; keeping things on them. Peasants used to keep domestic birds and baby animals under the ovens. In the south of Russia people even hovered in ovens. The steam from the oven is considered to be healthier than that of the bath. Hovering was the most effective way of treatment. If a baby fell ill, the rite of “baking” was used. The baby was put into the warm oven on the spade, just like in fairy-tales. The rite of depuration of the bride took place in the oven too. It differed from the usual washing because the steam was given by kvass and beer.
The oven had a definite place in the houses. In European part of Russia and Siberia the oven was situated to the left or to the right of the door.
The oven was one of the main subjects of the rites and medical practice. The oven is connected with magic. It was considered to be an integral part of any home. If there was no oven in the house, nobody lived in it. There is a riddle: "What can't be taken out of the house?"
According to Russian folk myths the brownie lives behind the oven. He is a patron of the home fire. He can be kind in some situations and dangerous in the others.
The attitude of the family to the guest changed if he had sat on their oven. The person was considered to be their friend.
The oven corner was the women's space in the house. Women used to cook and have a rest there. During the celebrations with many guests the second table was put for the women. The men were separated from the women, they sat in the "red" corner. The men of the family couldn't come into the women's side. The appearance of a stranger on the women's side was considered to be an abuse not only for the family but for the whole village.
MODERN HOUSES
Now let’s speak about our town and possibilities it provides for people
living in it. Think of different ways to complete these sentences about your
town. When you have decided on the best way, write your answers in the spaces.
Use the following words:
– apartment
– hostel
– many-storied buildings
– living conditions
– a lack of
– to provide with
Hometask
В качестве вспомогательных материалов на уроке можно использовать фотографии из школьного Музея Декоративно-прикладного искусства (смотри Приложение 1-13).