Make friends with phrasal verbs (Подружитесь с фразовыми глаголами)

Разделы: Иностранные языки

Фразовые глаголы уже не одно десятилетие привлекают внимание лингвистов, занимающихся как теорией, так и методикой преподавания английского языка. Несмотря на постоянно растущее количество публикаций, посвященных фразовым глаголам, в настоящее время существует много неразрешенных проблем, связанных с данным лексико-грамматическим явлением.

По крайней мере, в одном лингвисты сходятся во взглядах: фразовые глаголы – неотъемлемая черта современного английского языка. Более того, роль фразовых глаголов в лексическом фонде английского языка постоянно возрастает. Говоря о языковой ситуации в современной Англии, можно отметить значительный рост числа фразовых глаголов, которые, наряду с устойчивыми фразами и номинативными комплексами, приводят к увеличению степени идиоматичности английского языка.

Под фразовым глаголом мы понимаем продукт особого способа словообразования, характерного исключительно для глаголов и заключающегося в прибавлении к базовому глаголу послелога, что соответственно приводит к появлению нового лексического значения; образованные при этом сочетания (фразовые глаголы) рассматриваются как единые структуры.

В современном английском языке послелоги вступают в очень большое число сочетаний разных типов. Число сочетаний, одним из компонентов которых является послелог, непрерывно возрастало в английском языке с начала новоангликанского периода и продолжает расти. В современном английском языке особенно велико количество сочетаний послелога с глаголами. Их число неуклонно растет. Об этом свидетельствуют книги, словари, посвященные фразовым глаголам и их употреблению. Наряду с увеличением числа, растет и частота их использования. Это свидетельствует о том, что они выполняют нужную функцию, благодаря большей сжатости и в то же время большей выразительности.

Фразовые глаголы широко используются не только в разговорном английском языке. Многие из таких глаголов стали неотъемлемой частью языка газет, юриспруденции и экономики. Это объясняется тем, что многие фразовые глаголы с течением времени изменили «свое лицо», то есть перешли из одного стилистического пласта в другой, обрели новые значения и утратили старые. Некоторые фразовые получили более частое употребление, чем «простые» глаголы, являющиеся их синонимами.

Данная работа является попыткой рассмотреть 13 наиболее распространенных в английском языке фразовых глаголов: to come, to break, to look, to run, to put, to turn, to give, to get, to take, to go, to cut, to carry, to bring, объяснить их значение, закрепить теоретический материал в упражнениях.

Цель работы – в доступной форме познакомить учащихся с обозначенной темой и закрепить изученный материал в разнообразных заданиях. В пособие включены пять различных видов упражнений: замена выделенного выражения синонимичным фразовым глаголом, подбор недостающего предлога в отдельном предложении или в связном тексте, тестовые задания и перевод с русского языка на английский. К упражнениям прилагаются ключи с ответами, которые позволят проконтролировать, насколько хорошо студенты усвоили материал

Part 1.

To come

About: to take place, to happen It’s difficult to explain how this quarrel came about

Across: to meet or find sb or sth by chance In the shop he came across his wife

At, up: to approach Christmas is coming up soon

Back on: to return I’ve just come back from Paris

By: to get, to obtain A good job like that is hard to come by

Down: to reduce itself A quarrel finally came down to different questions.

In: to become fashion, to begin to be used Women suits came in after Coco Chanel.

Into: to inherit He came into a lot of money when his father died

Off = about

Out: to be formally introduced In the 18th century girls came out when they were 18

Over: to take control; to happen to A sudden fit of anger came over him.

What has come over him?

Round: to visit You should come round for dinner one evening and I’ll give you the list of all the employment agencies of our town.

To: to wake up after being unconscious I fainted, but came to myself very soon.

to reach sth A new political party has come to power.

To break

Down: to stop working (of cars, engines…) My car broke down so I took it away.

Into: to enter a place by force Thieves broke into while the family was away.

Off: to stop suddenly When Jane came in, she broke off Linda’s talk with me.

Out: to begin suddenly Fire broke out after the earthquake.

Out of: to escape from a prison or similar place We’ve thought over the plan to break out of jail.

Through: to be successful after overcoming a difficulty

She failed many times, but finally she broke through to pass her entrance exams.

Up: to stop for holidays; to end (a fight etc.) We are going to break up for holidays in a few days.

The army is on hand to break up any demonstrations against the regime.

With: to separate yourself from He broke with the Democratic party on the question of civil rights

To look

After: to take care of Please, look after my child when I am away.

Back: to review the past David looked back on his early struggles and felt happy.

Down on (upon): to think of (a person or a thing) as less good or important Ann likes tennis but she looks down on football as too rough.

For: to try to find, to search for I spent all day looking for a job

Forward to: to expect smth with pleasure She was looking forward to that evening’s day.

Out: to take care, to be careful (usually used as a command or warning)

«Look out for the train!» – the sign at the railroad warned

Up: to check; to look for name, word … It’s a good habit to look up new words in a dictionary

Up to: to think of(someone) as a good example to copy Mr.Smith had taught for many years, and all the students looked up to him

To run

After: to chase The ball rolled away and the children ran after it

Away: to leave and not plan to come back The warned the thieve not to run away

Into: to meet sb by chance; to join (mix) with; to reach an amount of several hundred, thousand I ran into my friend yesterday.

A lot of small rivers run into the Volga.

Out of: to have no more of We have run out of milk – go to the shop and buy some.

Over: to drive over At nights cars often run over small animals.

Exercises for Part 1.

Exercise I

Use suitable preposition to change underlined expression.

А) To come up, to come back, to come into, to come round, to come across, to come to, to come in.

  1. Christmas is approaching.
  2. I would have inherited a lot of money if he had died last year.
  3. I returned from my month’s holiday last week.
  4. He suddenly met his former teacher walking in the park.
  5. When Jack woke up after being unconscious he was lying in an alley and his wallet was gone.
  6. Wearing unisex suits began to be used after fashion revolution in 1960.
  7. Are you going to visit our party this evening?

В) To break off, to break down, to break out, to break up, to break into, to break with.

  1. The cooling system of my car stopped working and the engines overheated.
  2. Prince George has violated his family traditions by getting married to a shop assistant.
  3. On Saturday night fire suddenly started and destroyed half of New York.
  4. Promoters are people who help other relatively talented people to open the doors (of) the fashion industry.
  5. Ann has torn her engagement with American transport millionaire.
  6. In Germany all the schools stop for holidays in different months.

С) To look for, to look after, to look forward to, to look out, to look up to, to look back, to look down on, to look up.

  1. The Americans used to have very low opinion of Russia’s ways to defeat terrorism.
  2. Try to find necessary information in (this book).
  3. I often remember my school days and think about what happened.
  4. Her mother takes care of the children while she is at work.
  5. I’ve lost my wallet. Could you help me to search for it?
  6. He is a great example to all over the world for his philosophy of non- violence.
  7. I’m waiting for your coming.
  8. Don’t move! There is a snake near your.

D) To run out of, to run after, to run away, to run into, to run into, to run over.

  1. Stop chasing me! I’ll pay no attention to you anyway.
  2. We don’t have any bread. We shall do some shopping.
  3. “I will never come back!”- She cried and disappeared immediately.
  4. A car almost drove over my cat – she is in hospital now.
  5. I met my old friend yesterday.
  6. If a black colour flows into white colour, we’ll surely get a grey colour.

Exercise II

Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions.

A) To come (across, back, round, into, up, in, to)

  1. I’ve just come … from the first night of “Notre Dame de Paris” and I’m really inspirited.
  2. Don’t you have a birthday coming …?
  3. Swimming competition for men came … after World War I.
  4. I came … some old photos in the curio shop.
  5. We definitely should come…for lunch to the Smiths’.
  6. I came … myself after being unconscious for some time.
  7. Ann came … a lot of money when her old husband died.

B) To break (down, into, out, up, off, with)

  1. He has broken … some friends who had changed in their ideas.
  2. That man with an exquisite nose broke … my heart and now I can’t stop thinking about him.
  3. When do you break …for Easter?
  4. The elevators in this building are always breaking ….
  5. The speaker was interrupted so often that he broke … and sat down.
  6. An epidemic of measles broke …in the middle of the 19th century.
  7. The policemen were needed to break …the fight.

C) To look (after, for, forward to, up, back, down on, out, up to)

  1. I don’t remember her phone number – let me look it … .
  2. As Jane looked … her life seemed good to her.
  3. Mary looks … our children while we are at work.
  4. Young children look …. older ones, so older children should be good examples.
  5. I’m looking … …… hearing from you again.
  6. Julie looked … her classmates for their poor manners.
  7. Helen has lost her purse. She is looking … it.
  8. «Look …! » - John called as the car came towards me.

D) To run (into, out of, after, over, away, into)

  1. Many times Tommy said he would run … from home, but he never did.
  2. The truck’s run … gas again.
  3. Some boys spend a lot of time and money running … girls.
  4. This small brook (приток) runs … a big river.
  5. Guess who I ran …in town today!
  6. He was run … by a bus and killed.

Exercise III

Choose the correct answer.

A) To come

1. Jane’s birthday is … soon. We have to look for a great present.

  1. coming down
  2. coming up
  3. coming across
  4. coming off

2. Several trees … in last night’s storm.

  1. came down
  2. came to
  3. came across
  4. came over

3. We … this wonderful little restaurant in the corner of the street.

  1. came down
  2. came across
  3. came at
  4. came by

4. Wait for me! I’ll … in a few minutes.

  1. come over
  2. come by
  3. come off
  4. come back

5. The book … two weeks ago.

  1. came down
  2. came across
  3. came out
  4. came up

6. The machinery … use in the 19th century.

  1. came in
  2. came over
  3. out
  4. came by

7. He … the possession of the farm when his uncle died.

  1. came out
  2. came into
  3. came about
  4. came to

B) To break

1. The principal … when that posh lady wearing fur – coat entered the room.

  1. broke out
  2. broke down
  3. broke into
  4. broke off

2. This terrible plane crash took place because the engines of the plane … .

  1. broke through
  2. broke down
  3. broke with
  4. broke up

3. He … my life like stormy wind.

  1. broke up
  2. broke out
  3. broke off
  4. broke into

4. Alice … her husband because he was extremely rude.

  1. broke with
  2. broke down
  3. broke through
  4. broke up

5. In Moscow University vacation … too late last year.

  1. broke out
  2. broke up
  3. broke into
  4. broke down

6. War … in 1812.

  1. broke down
  2. broke off
  3. broke out
  4. broke into

7. I was happy after having … the examinations.

  1. broken down
  2. broken up
  3. broken into
  4. broken through

8. It’s noteworthy that few prisoners manage to …places they are kept in.

  1. break out of
  2. break into
  3. break up
  4. break down

C) To look

1. I’m … a suitable hotel. Could you suggest one?

  1. looking out
  2. looking for
  3. looking forward to
  4. looking after

2. He … me and didn’t want to join a gym in my company.

  1. looked down on
  2. looked after
  3. looked back
  4. looked up

3. Every year children … their holidays coming.

  1. look after
  2. look forward to
  3. look for
  4. look back

4. Who will … the cat when you are out?

  1. look at
  2.  look up
  3. look for
  4. look after

5. Never …, you can’t relieve the past.

  1. look out
  2. look back
  3. look down on
  4. look up to

6. Every child needs someone to … and copy.

  1. look after
  2. look back
  3. look up
  4. look up to

D) To run

1. I don’t like her very much. She is annoying and always … people.

  1. runs after
  2. runs over
  3. runs into
  4. runs out of

2. I … flour when I was cooking your favorite apple pie.

  1. ran away
  2. ran into
  3. ran out of
  4. ran after

3. Do you know who I … in the club – Sasha! I haven’t seen her for ages.

  1. ran over
  2. ran into
  3. ran after
  4. ran away

4. “…! I don’t want to see you after everything that has happened!”

  1. run over
  2. run into
  3. run after
  4. run away

5. The old lady fell seriously ill after being … by the car.

  1. run away
  2. run over
  3. run after
  4. run into

6. I have … a sport club.

  1. run after
  2. run away
  3. run over
  4. run into

Exercise IV

Translate from Russian into English.

A)

  1. Откуда вы? (Из какой страны.)
  2. Все эти годы мы делали все возможное, чтобы преуспеть, а в итоге это ни к чему не привело.
  3. Я вернусь через неделю.
  4. Забеги к нам на ужин – мы будем очень рады.
  5. Она унаследовала все деньги дедушки.
  6. Не приближайся ко мне.

B)

  1. Он порвал со своими друзьями из Москвы.
  2. Ночью воры ворвались в магазин.
  3. Пожар начался после землетрясения.
  4. Рассказчика перебивали так часто, что он остановился и сел за свой стол.
  5. Каникулы начнутся через две недели.
  6. Его здоровье испортилось.

C)

  1. Георгий провёл весь день в поисках работы.
  2. «Осторожно, поезд!» – закричал мальчик.
  3. Я подумал о своём детстве, и это заставило меня улыбнуться.
  4. Уточни номер её телефона в справочнике.
  5. Антон с нетерпением ждал своей свадьбы с Ириной.
  6. Мама Насти попросила её посмотреть за младшим братом.
  7. Ему не нравятся учителя, которые свысока смотрят на всех учеников.
  8. Она обладала умом и прекрасным чувством юмора, и все стремились походить на неё.

D)

  1. Они бегали друг за другом весь день.
  2. Илья ехал на велосипеде слишком быстро и чуть не переехал своего младшего брата.
  3. «Если ты и дальше собираешься вести себя таким образом, я ухожу!»
  4. Недавно я встретился со своим старым другом, с которым мы вместе прогуливали уроки (to play truant).
  5. Похоже, мы не доедем до Москвы: бензин закончился.
  6. Починка машины может обойтись нам в кругленькую сумму.

Part 2. (Приложение 1)

Exercises for Part 2. (Приложение 2)

Part 3. (Приложение 3)

Exercises for Part 3. (Приложение 4)

Key for exercises. (Приложение 5)

Список всех изученных глаголов. (Приложение 6)

Список использованной литературы:

  1. Enterprise Intermediate. Эванс В., Дули Дж. Express Publishing; 2003.
  2. Enterprise Pre-Intermediate. Эванс В., Дули Дж. Express Publishing; 2003.
  3. Проверь свой английский; Павлоцкий В.М.; КАРО; 2001 г.
  4. Практикум по грамматике английского языка; Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.М.; КАРО; 2000 г.
  5. Тесты по грамматике английского языка. Пособие для старшеклассников и абитуриентов. Литвинов С.В.; М: Аркти; 2002.
  6. Практическая грамматика английского языка. Л. Романова; М: Статус; 2005.
  7. Advanced Grammar in Use. Хьюингс М. Cambridge University Press; 2005.