В последнее время вопрос о преподавании иностранного языка, а именно «английского языка для специальных целей (ESP)» особенно остро стоит в профессиональных учебных заведениях.
Текст является основной единицей информации, а также основным приемом обучения на всех этапах обучения иностранному языку. При работе с текстом у студентов формируется умение изучать текст, извлекать из него необходимую информацию. Работа с текстом дает возможность учащимся погрузиться в языковую среду. Исследование англоязычного текста обогащает словарный запас и общую культуру студентов. В профессиональных учебных заведениях текст должен быть не только профильным (ориентированным на профессию студента), но и соответствовать коммуникативно-познавательным интересам и потребностям. Предъявляемые требования к тексту: доступность, актуальность, законченность, интересность, учет возрастных особенностей студентов, текст должен быть построен на отобранном языковом материале (в нашем случае, он должен быть профессионально направленным).
Любой текст имеет методическую задачу, а также воспитательную и образовательную ценность. Методическая задача формируется в заданиях к тексту. Процесс совершенствования умения говорения на основе текста нуждается в организации целенаправленного управления, т.е. он должен иметь определенную структуру и логичность в постановке заданий (от простого к сложному).
Без сомнения, работу с текстом необходимо организовывать регулярно и постоянно, так как упражнения к текстам должны быть направлены на формирование следующих умений: понимать текст, извлекать из него необходимую информации в соответствии со степенью проникновения в текст, частично воспроизводить прочитанное с опорой на план, интерпретировать текст, применять информацию текстов в условно-аутентичных ситуациях общения.
Работа над текстом должна проводиться на всех этапах чтения текста, однако послетекстовый этап используется для развития умений выражать свои мысли в речи. Упражнения на данном этапе разделяют на три группы, связанные с формированием различных умений: репродуктивных, репродуктивно-продуктивных и продуктивных умений. Таким образом, при работе с текстом основная нагрузка ложиться на послетекстовый этап, т.к. именно он содержит значительное количество упражнений, помогающих понять текст и составить собственное мнение о прочитанном. Однако полное извлечение информации, содержащейся в тексте, не является окончанием работы над текстом. Следующим этапом является использование полученной информации. Именно поэтому на завершающем этапе работы с профессионально-направленным текстом преподаватель имеет возможность развивать монологическую и диалогическую речь, применять кроссворды, ребусы. Главная задача преподавания состоит не только в том, чтобы научить читать, но уметь использовать прочитанную информацию в речи (монологе и диалоге). Применение текстов, без сомнения, должно соответствовать также уровню языковой подготовка студентов.
Интересен метод денотативного анализа при обучении чтению. Купарева В.В. приводит примеры положительных моментов использования метода денотативного анализа в школьной практике, а именно: «денотативный анализ текста позволяет преодолевать психологический барьер у учащихся (страх перед большими текстами и стремление прибегнуть к помощи словаря); развивает различные виды чтения (ознакомительное, изучающее, поисковое) в комплексе; развитие логического мышления и позволяет оптимизировать систему упражнений с текстом при подготовке устного высказывания. Данный метод позволяет студентам (с опорой на памятку) составить как монологическое, так и диалогическое высказывание без особых затруднений (это касается категорий слушателей среднего и продвинутого уровня).
Ниже приведены несколько примеров работы с профессионально-направленными текстами в среднем профессиональном учебном заведении на 1 курсе.
I. Формирование монологического высказывания на основе текста при изучении темы “Meals” в группе 1 курса, обучающейся по специальности «Повар-кондитер»
1. Read the words correctly: meal, food, animal, bird, plant, fish, various, a foreigner, get acquainted, national dish, frequently, sanatoriums, establishment, generally, a substantial meal, a definite hour, employment, a home-made pastry, a special dinner, a house-warming party, to lay the table, an occasion, a table cloth, a table napkin.
2. Read the text:
Meals
We get food from animals and birds, plants and fish. We get meat from the cow, the pig
and the sheep. From cow we also get milk. From milk we make butter and cheese. We can also
get cream from milk .From the cow we get beef, from the pig – pork, bacon and ham, from
the sheep – mutton. We get poultry and eggs from ducks and hens. We make flour from
wheat, oats, maize and other cereals. From flour we bake bread. We also eat various kinds
of fruits and vegetables, berries. They are: potatoes, cabbages, carrots and so on.
Now a few words about meals in our country.
The hospitality of Russian people is well – known all over the world .When a foreigner
sets foot in Russia first he gets acquainted with it’s cookery – national dishes and
meal time. Frequently he gets to know that in this country they are not the same as in
his. But he has to do in Russia like Russians do.
The usual meals here are breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper. Sanatoriums, rest-homes,
hospitals and other public establishments generally follow the former order of meals.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. Lunch is a light meal usually in the middle of the
day. Dinner is the chief and the most substantial meal. It isn’t served at a definite
hour in our country. When it is in the middle of the day the lighter evening meal is
called supper.
Working people usually have dinner at the place of their employment. During the break they
have either dinner or lunch. In great many homes dinner is followed by a cup of tea with a
slice of lemon, jam or home-made pastry. If you have a special dinner, a house-warming
party for example, you should know how to lay the table on such an occasion. First you
spread table cloth and put out table mats to protect the table from the hot dishes, all
the cutlery knives and forks. On the left of each guest you put a small plate for bread
and on the right – a wine glass. Don’t forget to put out table napkins for each guest
and place several salt-cellars.
3. Answer the following questions:
- Where do we get food? (From what?)
- What can we make from milk?
- What kinds of meat do you know? What animals give it to us?
- What kinds of four do you know?
- What vegetables (fruits, berries) do you know?
- “The hospitality of Russian people is well – known all over the world”. Do you agree with the author?
- What are the usual meals?
- What do you know about breakfast (dinner, supper)?
- In what way do you put the table?
4. Say: “Do you agree or disagree”:
- Working people usually do not have dinner at the place of their employment.
- From cow we also get milk and beef.
- We get poultry and eggs from pigs and cows.
- Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
- Dinner is not the chief and the most substantial meal.
5. Put the sentences in the chronological order:
- The usual meals here are breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper.
- From milk we make butter and cheese.
- Lunch is a light meal usually in the middle of the day.
- When it is in the middle of the day the lighter evening meal is called supper.
- Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
- Dinner is the chief and the most substantial meal.
- On the left of each guest you put a small plate for bread and on the right – a wine glass
- First you spread table cloth and put out table mats to protect the table from the hot dishes, all the cutlery knives and forks.
- Don’t forget to put out table napkins for each guest and place several salt-cellars.
6. Complete the sentences:
- From milk we make…
- We get poultry and eggs from…
- The usual meals…
- We make flour…
- Breakfast is…
- Lunch is…
- Dinner is…
- First you spread…
- On the left of each guest you put…
7. Complete the table:
What dishes can you make from?
8. Complete the table:
Complete the table with your opinions. Write the dishes that you eat for breakfast, dinner and supper. And write what dishes you like or dislike.
II. Обучение диалогической речи на основе текста в группе 1 курса, обучающейся по специальности «Официант, бармен».
1. Read and translate the words: menu, dish, restaurant, to be printed, to receive, structure, appetizer, soup, entrees, main course, dessert, hors-d`oeuvre, pate, natural, stimulate, appetite, to be served, thick potage, thin consomme, seafood dish, substantial course, to select.
2. Look through the text and try to answer the questions:
What is this text about? What is the structure of the menu?
The menu
The word menu means:
- the dishes served in this restaurant,
- the list of dishes and wines.
It is usually printed in the form of card and each guest receives a copy of the menu.
The structure of the menu is appetizer, soups, entrees, main courses, desserts.
Appetizer can be hors-d`oeuvres, pates, or natural oysters. These dishes
are usually cold. They stimulated appetite and are served at the beginning of the meal.
Soups may be thick potage or thin consomme. Soups are usually served hot
but can be served cold.
The entree is a course served between the fish and the main meat courses.
In the modern menu it can be seafood dishes, salads, small fried sausages or fish.
The main course is the most substantial course of the meal. Guests
usually choose their main courses first and then select other courses.
Dessert is a sweet course of the end of the meal or before coffee. Coffee
can be served with chocolate, biscuits or fruits.
3. Answer the following questioners:
- What does the word “menu” mean?
- What is the structure of the menu?
- What can you offer for you customer as an appetizer?
- What kinds of soup can you name?
- What is the entree?
- The main course is the most substantial course of the meal, is not it?
- What can a modern menu include?
- How can you serve soups?
- Dessert is a sweet course of the end of the meal or before coffee, is not it?
- What can you recommend for the dessert to your guests?
4. Read the words and phrases correctly. In pairs, complete the table.
Fish jelly, pea soup, meat assorted, roast duck with apples, mix salad, sandwiches with ham and cheese, beetroot soup, hot-pot, fruit salad, mushroom soup, roast beef, puree, stewed meat, ice-cream, mix salad, pudding, beefsteak, fruit jelly, pancakes with sour-cream, baked fish, chocolate, stuffed prunes with whipped cream, cheese, crab salad, biscuits.
5. Your guest comes from Sweden. Try to offer him (her) some dishes for supper. Complete the dialogue below using the words from the table.
- We are pleased to see you at our restaurant.
- I am from Sweden. What can you recommend me for supper?
- Oh, quite a lot. For the starter we can offer you …
- I’ll begin with … What would you recommend me for the main course?
- I would recommend you …
- Thank you. As for dessert I would like …
- Very well. I’ll serve you in time.
6. Make your own dialogue using following words and phrases:
Table for two, beetroot soup, to follow, hot-pot, to recommend, fruit salad, stuffed prunes with whipped cream, mushroom soup, meat assorted, anything for…, good appetite.
III. Использование метода денотативного анализа.
a) Обучение монологическому высказыванию на основе текста в группе «Коммерсант в торговле», с использованием метода денотативного анализа.
1. Read the words, try to translate them:
supermarket, mall, a self-service shop, shop assistant, employees,
customer, take a cart, the aisles, make up a shopping list, to be bought, typically,
shopping center, passageway, parking space, a restaurant, location.
Supermarkets and malls
Among big shops in Britain and the USA there are supermarkets. A supermarket is a
self-service shop selling foods and household goods.
In a supermarket there are no shop assistants, there are only employees.
Customers must take a cart when they enter a supermarket. Then they go
along the aisles of the store choosing the goods they want. Before going to a supermarket
some customers make up a shopping list not to forget the articles
to be bought.
In the USA there are typically American shopping centers. They are called malls. A mall
is a group of shops with associated passageways and parking space.
In a mall you can also find a restaurant and a cinema for the shoppers (customers) to spend
the whole day at one location.
2. Answer the following questions:
- What is the name of big shops in Britain and USA?
- What is a supermarket?
- What can you buy at the supermarket?
- In a supermarket there are no shop assistants, are they?
- What is a mall?
- What does mall have?
- What customer can find in the mall?
- What is the difference between mall and supermarket?
3. Find a mistake in these sentences and then try to correct them:
- A supermarket is a small shop in Russia.
- A mall is a self-service shop.
- At the supermarket you can buy everything you need.
- Customers make up a shopping list before going to a supermarket.
- A mall is a typically English shop.
- There are many shop-assistants in the supermarkets.
- A supermarket is a big shop in USA.
- A mall is a group of shops with associated passageways and parking space.
4. Your partner knows nothing about the difference between supermarkets and malls. Help him (her), please! Use the list, please!
b) Обучение монологическому высказыванию на основе текста в группе «Повар, кондитер», с использованием метода денотативного анализа.
1. Read the words, try to translate them:
breakfast, lunch, brunch, dry cereal, a sandwich, a hamburger, sausages, the combination, to enjoy, in the morning, scrambled eggs, an omelet, luncheon dishes, restaurant, to include, accompanied by…, vegetable, fast-food restaurant, full- service restaurant, a cafeteria, typical.
2. Look through the text and make some suggestions about the main idea of it.
Meals in the USA
Americans usually have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. All these meals
are served almost at the same time as in Britain. Usual breakfast in the United States is
orange juice, toast, and coffee, or juice and dry cereal with milk or eggs.
Lunch is usually a small meal – a sandwich, salad or soup, hamburgers and sausages.
Brunch in America is the combination of breakfast and lunch that many Americans enjoy on
Sundays. It is usually served at about eleven in the morning. Scrambled eggs or omelets
are often served along with other regular luncheon dishes. In many restaurants brunch is
served from around 10 a.m. until mid-afternoon.
Dinner usually includes a main course of meat or fish accompanied by side such as soup,
salad and vegetables.
There are two main types of restaurants in the USA – fast-food and full - service
restaurants. A fast –food restaurant is much like a cafeteria. Items such as hamburgers,
hot chicken sandwiches, pizza and salads are typical of fast-food restaurant. Eating in a
fast-food restaurant takes less time and less expensive then in a full-service restaurant.
3. Answer the following questions:
- How many meals of the day do Americans have? What are they?
- What does American breakfast consist of?
- What does lunch consist of?
- Brunch in America is the combination of breakfast and lunch, is not it?
- When is brunch served? What does brunch consist of?
- What does dinner include?
- There are two main types of restaurants in the USA – fast-food and full- service restaurants, are not they?
- What is a fast-food restaurant served for its guests?
4. Put the sentences in chronological order.
- There are two types of restaurants in the USA.
- Dinner is a main course. It includes soup, salad and vegetables, fish and meat dishes.
- Lunch is usually a small meal – a sandwich, salad or soup, hamburgers and sausages.
- A fast –food restaurant is much like a cafeteria.
- In many restaurants brunch is served from around 10 a.m. until mid-afternoon.
- Americans usually have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner.
- Brunch in America is the combination of breakfast and lunch that many Americans enjoy on Sundays.
5. Your partner knows nothing about the American meals. Help him (her), please! Use the list, please!
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