Simple nouns have only one stem, e.g. a table, an apple, the Sun.
Derivative nouns are formed from simple nouns or other parts of speech by
means of suffixes or prefixes, e.g. a lioness, strength,
misunderstanding.
Compound nouns are formed by means of joining two or more stems, e.g. a
railway, a letter-box.
The subject of this work is formation of derivative and compound nouns.
Suffixes:
1. -ess for formation from simple nouns, names of male beings, derivative nouns, names of female beings, e.g.
an actor – an actress (актриса) a poet – a poetess (поэтесса)
a waiter – a waitress (официантка) a host – a hostess (хозяйка)
2. -ship and -hood for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of state and status from simple nouns, e.g.
a friend – friendship (дружба) a member – membership (членство)
a child – childhood (детство) a priest – priesthood (духовенство)
3. -dom for formation derivative nouns from simple adjectives or nouns with the meaning of state or territory, e.g.
a bore – boredom (скука) free – freedom (свобода)
a king – a kingdom (королевство) an official – officialdom (чиновничество)
4. -ism for formation derivative nouns from simple adjectives or nouns with the meaning of generalization of typical traits or ideological direction, e.g.
a hero – heroism (героизм) a commune – communism (коммунизм)
a patriot – patriotism (патриотизм) Buddha – Buddhism (буддизм)
5. -ness for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the meaning of quality or character, e.g.
neat – neatness (аккуратность) kind – kindness (доброта)
dark – darkness (темнота) rough – roughness (грубость)
6. -ity for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the similar meaning, e.g.
possible – possibility (возможность) similar – similarity (сходство)
advisable – advisability (благоразумие) improbable – improbability (невероятность)
7. -th for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the similar meaning, e.g.
wide – width (ширина) strong – strength (сила)
true – truth (правда) deep – depth (глубина)
8. -er, -or for formation derivative nouns denoting persons producing activity, from verbs, e.g.
to work – a worker (рабочий) to act – an actor (актер)
to lead – a leader (лидер) to instruct – an instructor (инструктор)
9. -ion, -tion, -ation for formation derivative nouns denoting general notions (processes, states, characteristics) e.g.
to communicate – a communication (общение) to interpret – an interpretation (интерпретация)
to intend – an intention (намерение) to accuse – accusation (обвинение)
10. -ment for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of the result of the action from verbs, e.g.
to fulfil – a fulfilment (выполнение) to develop – a development (развитие)
to arrange – an arrangement (договоренность) to appoint – an appointment (назначение)
11. -ance, -ence for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of quality or state from verbs, e.g.
to disturb – disturbance (нарушение) to confid – confidence (уверенность)
to depend – dependence (зависимость) to admit – admittance (доступ)
12. -al for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of the result of the action from verbs, e.g.
to arrive – an arrival (прибытие) to form – formal (дорогоедлинноеплатье)
to refuse – a refusal (отказ) remove – removal (перемещение)
13. -ee for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of what sb does, or who sb is ,from verbs or simple nouns, e.g.
to employ – employee to refuge – refugee
pay – payee
14. -ing for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of example or act, from verbs or simple nouns, e.g.
draw – drawing (рисунок) to write – writing (документ)
build – building (постройка) to play – playing (игра)
15. -eer for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of what activity sb does, from simple nouns, e.g.
an engine – engineer (инженер) a mountain – mountaineer (альпинист)
16. -age for formation derivative nouns denoting quality or state from simple nouns, e.g.
aleak– leakage (утечка)
avicar– vicarage (должность приходского священника)
17. -ancy or -ency for formation abstract nouns from simple adjectives or verbs, e.g.
vacant – vacancy (вакансия) to tend – tendency (склонность, тенденция)
18. -ty for formation abstract nons from simple adjectives, e.g.
cruel – cruelty (жестокость) banal – banality (банальность)
19. -y for formation abstract nouns from simple adjectives e.g.
difficult – difficulty (трудность) honest – honesty (честность)
20. -ician for formation derivative nouns denoting sb’s occupation, from simple nouns or adjectives, e.g.
music – musician (музыкант) mathematics – mathematician (математик)
politic – politician (политик) electric – electrician (электрик)
21. -ist for formation derivative nouns denoting persons produsing activity e.g.,
art – artist (художник) journal – journalist (журналист)
telegraph – telegraphist (телеграфист) type – typist (машинистка)
22. -aholic, -oholic for formation derivative nouns denoting that person very, very love something or doing something e.g.,
book – bookaholic (страстныйкниголюб) chocolate – chocoholic (сладкоежка)
work – workaholic (трудоголик) write – writaholic (человек, любящийписать)
23. -ant for formation derivative nouns denoting person’s activities e.g.
accountant (бухгалтер) assistant (помощник, ассистент)
combatant (воин, сторонник) participant (участник)
24. -archy for formation derivative nouns denoting governmental and synonyms to it.
anarchy (анархия) patriarchy (патриархат)
monarchy (монархия) hierarchy (иерархия)
25. -arian for formation derivative nouns denoting association with subject, happening and concept.
agrarian (аграрий) vegetarian (вегетарианец)
humanitarian (гуманист) librarian (библиотекарь)
26. -ary for formation derivative nouns denoting person’s description e.g.
luminary (светило) apothecary (аптекарь)
notary (нотариус) secretary (секретарь)
27. -craft for formation derivative nouns denoting means of conveyance, e.g.
aircraft(самолет, планер) watercraft(судно, суда)
landing-craft(десантный корабль) spacecraft(космический корабль)
Prefixes:
1. anti- with the meaning of opposite or against, e.g.
anti-clockwise (против часовой стрелки)
antipoison (противоядие)
2. co- with the meaning of together, e.g.
co-worker (сотрудник)
co-existence (сосуществование)
3. post- denoting after, e.g.
postgraduate (аспирант)
post-postscript (второйпостскриптум)
4. pre- denoting before, e.g.
pre-arrangement (предварительная договоренность)
prepossession (предрасположение)
5. pro- denoting in favour of, e.g.
pronoun (местоимение)
proverb (пословица)
6. trans- denoting across, e.g.
to transplant – transplantation (пересадка)
to transpose – transposition (перемещение)
7. de- with the meaning of opposite, e.g.
de-icier (антиобледенитель)
dehydration (обезвоживание)
8. ex- denoting previous, e.g.
ex-husband (бывший муж)
ex-president (бывший президент)
9. macro- with the meaning of large, e.g.
macro-economics (макроэкономика)
macrobiotic (долголетие)
10. micro- with the meaning of very small, e.g.
micro-electronics (микроэлектроника)
microscope (микроскоп)
11. mini- with the meaning of small, e.g.
mini hi-fi (мини музыкальный центр)
minibus (микроавтобус)
12. mono- with the meaning of one, e.g.
monorail (монорельсовая железная дорога)
monotone (монотонность)
13. multi- with the meaning of many e.g.
multiformity (многообразие)
multimillionaire (мультимиллионер)
14. semi- with the meaning of half, e.g.
semi-circle (полукруг)
semi-basement (полуподвал)
15. sub- with the meaning of under or less and lower, e.g.
subtitle (подзаголовок) submarine (подводнаялодка)
subcommittee (подкомитет) subsoil (подпочва)
Compound nouns are formed by means of a combination of two or more stems, creating a word with indivisible meaning e.g.
- a workman (рабочий), a railway (железная дорога), a blackboard (классная доска), a snowball (снежный ком, снежок), quicksilver (ртуть) , etc.
- a girl-friend (подруга), a family-name (родовая фамилия), a letter-box (почтовый ящик), a writing-table (письменный стол), a pen-name (литературный псевдоним).
Compound nouns, formed of three stems or having a preposition as a
part, are written as following:
a mother-in-law (свекровь, теща), an editor-in-chief (главный
редактор), a forget-me-not (незабудка), a
merry-go-round (карусель), a might-have-been (упущенная
возможность)
Литература:
- Словообразование: Справочник по английскому языку. А. Кейпл, Л. Хислип, М. Майер, Д. Уильямсон. Пер. с англ. В.Ф. Карпушенко. – М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»; ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003.
- Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г. English Grammar: Reference and Practice: Учебное пособие для старшеклассников школ и гимназий, студентов неязыковых вузов с углубленным изучение англ. языка. – СПб.: Антология, 2003.
- Англо-русский словарь. Мюллер В.К. Издательство «Советская энциклопедия» – М.: 1971.
- “FCE Use of English – 1”. Virginia Evans, Express Publishing, 1998.